Teaching Philosophy A Child s Development Of Their...

Teaching Philosophy: A child’s development of their potential is greatly dependant on the ability of the teacher to recognise and perceive a child’s possibilities, to stimulate their learning and intellectual capacities, to thereby make a child’s underlying potential a reality. The commitment to my teaching will be underlined through links reflecting Rudolf Dreikurs Goal Centred Theory. Meeting student’s needs will be a crucial part of the everyday routines of my classroom. I want student’s to feel comfortable with their peers, to participate in meaningful classroom interactions and discussions so that they can learn from each other as well as myself. My attitude towards the class will be one that reflects a democratic and equitable†¦show more content†¦Motivation will be exuberated through Adolf Dreikurs (1998) reference to Alfred Adler’s concept of â€Å"Social Interest† or the feeling of belonging in society. I want a student’s potential for learning to be enhanced through the product of mutual respect and the opportunities presented with the sense of equality and responsibility acknowledged through decision making. Preventative Strategies: Classroom Culture: Rules and Procedures Teachers who incorporate the use of effective classroom management procedures promote independent learning and a greater success for their students in classrooms that are orderly, pleasant and productive (Rademacher, Callahan and Pederson-Seelye, 1998). Establishing routines that help to manage time, instruction, materials and student behaviour is essential to increasing student involvement across all areas of their learning. My approaches to creating rules for classroom are aligned with Dreikurs Goal centred Theory where facilitating mutual respect and understanding about rules, procedures and responses to misbehaviour is fostered. As Richard Curwin and Allen Mendler (1988) demonstrate in their research there is a great importance of student input in the establishment of classroom rules and procedures which should be viewed as a contract between the two. I would like to create a classroom constitution for any inconsistency in behaviour where students can be involved in the making of rules as

Chapter 3 Bec Case Study Answers Essay - 1479 Words

Assignment #3 – Marked by Quiz 3 Feb. 16, 2005 Reading: Chapter 3 Assigned Questions from Text: BEC Case Study pp 113-117 Answer all of the questions about BEC: Broadway Entertainment Co., Inc. Case Questions 1. The System Service Request (SSR) submitted by Carrie Douglass (BEC Figure 3-2) has not been reviewed by Professor Tann. If you were Professor Tann, would you ask for any changes to the request as submitted? If so, what changes, and if no changes, why? Remember, an SSR is a call for a preliminary study, not a thorough problem statement. I would not ask for any changes, because the SSR describes the problem that Carrie would like to solve and describes the system that she envisions that will solve the†¦show more content†¦The application is new, so neither IS staff nor users are familiar with the application. The project initiator is also inexperienced. Overall this is a low to moderate risk project. As a member of the student team, they might have risks associated with technical feasibility if they are not familiar with analysis techniques and Web-based technologies. Carrie is taking a risk by having a group of students conduct the analysis that will eventually support her request to BEC to build the new system, because the students are inexperienced with the systems analysis and design process. 6. If you were assigned to a team of students responsible for this project, how would you utilize the concept of incremental commitment in the design of the Baseline Project Plan? I would schedule formal review points after each phase of the project to ensure that the requirements are being met before allocating any more resources to the project. I would provide status reports to Carrie asking for feedback, and I would consider using prototyping at least during systems design. 7. 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Harlequin Free Essays

Harlequin is the largest distributed of romance series novels but is faced with a slow growth in series novels. Harlequin needs to decide whether they should expand Into title-by-title books and how they will position themselves If they chose to do so. Analysis Harlequin is faced with the decision of how they should Increase their unit sales and Increase their overall revenues. We will write a custom essay sample on Harlequin or any similar topic only for you Order Now By continuing In series novels, Harlequin will not be able to see growth in their company as unit sales are decreasing for series novels. Their profit margin Is also a concern as single title books are more expensive than series novels. Harlequin has tried In the past to produce single title books but was not successful because they did not target a specific market and tried to succeed In too many genres. One option for Harlequin to see growth is to approach best selling authors that worked with Harlequin in the past. Harlequin can ask these authors to write single title books for them, which will be beneficial as they are using established authors who have already developed a connection with readers. However, this is a very risky and expensive option for Harlequin as it is costly and authors may not be willing to do this. Best selling authors have already established new relationships with producers and distributors so they may not be willing to forfeit that and go back to a company that is developing themselves in single series. In addition, it is extremely expensive to acquire a best-selling author, as the advance is more than Harlequin can afford. Where Harlequin is now, they cannot afford a best-selling author even if the royalties are greater. Harlequin does have a large basilisk collection of books and using them could be a successful option for Harlequin. Although this would involve them to continue with their series novels, the novels would be work from current best selling artists. Harlequin has already created a brand image in series novels so they are supporting their image, which will help persuade customers. While they are doing this, Harlequin’s current authors that write series novels can work on single title books while they are gaining profits and sales through their basilisk collections. This gives hem time to think of their long-term plan such as their marketing plan, advertising and their distribution. Recommendation Once Harlequin gains capital by Investing In their basilisk collection, they can eventually use bestseller authors, but at this time, they do not have the time and resources. Ultimately, Harlequin can slowly Introduce different genres for their single title novels by focusing on women’s fiction romance novels first as they already established themselves in this genre and are extremely successful. By being patient, Harlequin wall De slowly De addle to see success In themselves. How to cite Harlequin, Papers

Cross Cultural Management Cultural Intelligence and Transformational

Question: Discuss about theCross Cultural Managementfor Cultural Intelligence and Transformational Leadership. Answer: Introduction: Iran, being the second largest country in the Middle East has been famous for its diverse cultural system. Iran is the 18th largest country in the Middle East region with more than 78.4 million inhabitants (Zamani-Farahani and Musa 2012). Besides this, it is the only country consists of the Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The particular country is famous for its art, music, movies and other different cultural habits. However, there are some cultural issues evolving in the country. Iran is mainly facing challenging situations due to the economic instability along with the lack of healthcare system (Johnston 2013). In this particular assignment, the cultural analysis of Iran has been discussed in an efficient manner. Different cultural risk analysis has been executed in context to the Iran. National Culture Profile: The national cultural profile can be highlighted through the lens of the 6-D Model. By analyzing the different cultural factors including power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence, we could get an overview of the Iranian Culture. Went it comes to analysis of the power distance, it can be identified that not all people in the society are same (Hassan 2013). Hence, it clearly indicates the Iranian culture believes in the cultural diversity. Individuals have their entity point of views, which makes them different from others. On the other hand, the individualism factors indicate that the every person has an individual image in the society. However, people in the society need to follow the rules and regulations of the government. The society follows the strong relationship in taking responsibilities for their fellow members in the group. Most of the organizations in Iran have been following the equal rules for hiring employee s in the business. People in the country never lose their morale for taking any decisions in an efficient manner. Due to the collective society, most of the people believe in the long-term relationship (Zamani-Farahani and Musa 2012). By discussing the masculinity in the society, it can be assessed that the particular region is a relatively feminine society. Due to the feminine society, the societal people value the morals in an efficient manner. Iranian people focus on the working in order to live (Geert-hofstede.com. 2016). Besides this, the managers in the organizations strive for consensus. Moreover, the societal people follow the values, equality, and solidarity in their working lives. Negotiation plays an integral role in the society, as it facilitates in diminishing the conflicts among people. Due to the feminine society, the prime focus of the Iranian culture is on caring others and the quality of life. Iranian highly prefer in avoiding uncertainty. The country follows the code of belief for avoiding uncertainty in an efficient manner (Broer et al. 2012). Besides this, the societal people are firmly intolerant of unorthodox behavior and ideas. By analyzing this particular culture, it can be assessed that the particular civilization needs emotional support for enhancing the workability of the societal people. Most of the people in the society have a tendency to be busy for working hard to accomplish their individual goals and objectives in an effectual manner (Joshanloo et al. 2013). In the long-term orientation analysis, the particular country has scored low, as the people lives in the strong normative cultural orientations. Most of the cultural analysts have agreed with the fact that the retained societies never put much prominence on leisure time. Risk Analysis: Issue 1: There are several cultural risks involved in the Iranian society. These cultural risks include the commercial risks, legal risks, reputational risks, political risk, etc. in this context the commercial risk would be highlighted in an efficient manner. By discussing the commercial risk, it can be assessed that the particular issue outpaces the reality in anticipation of a historic nuclear deal (Watson, Chen and Ghorbani 2014). Most of the business analysts have agreed with the fact that the Iran must reintroduce in the global markets for goods, services, and capital. Without entering into the global market, the particular country would not be able to enhance the economic strengths in an efficient manner. Over the past few years, Iran has been facing challenges in establishing the business as the global platform. Consequently, it creates challenges in retaining the national development. However, in a recent business report, it has been highlighted that the particular country has adequa te opportunities for commercializing. For instances, Iran has different macroeconomic drivers including a young population, potential manufacturing base, decent purchasing power and limited government debt (Feizizadeh and Blaschke 2013). With the involvement of the young population, most of the businesses established in Iran would enhance the business opportunities in an effectual manner. Besides this, the potential manufacturing base is one of the positive parts for the establishing the business within the particular geographical region. However, the feminine society often fails to attract the investors. On the other hand, the Iranian is less interested in executing the micro sell. Consequently, it creates challenges for enhancing the commercialization in the country. By analyzing the culture of the nation, it can be identified that the Iranian need to focus on observing the dynamics of the microscale, so that it could facilitate them in strengthening the national economic developm ent (Torabi Farsani, Coelho and Costa 2012). In order to reduce the particular issues, the particular government needs to focus on engaging the foreign investors for enhancing the business opportunities in an efficient manner. In the emerging market, some of the investors including China, Brazil, India and South Africa have been showing adequate interest in spreading their business across the global platform (Shirazi et al. 2012). Hence, the Iranians Government needs to focus on engaging such investors for improving the national economic development. Most of the business analysts have identified the fact the lack of risk-taking ability along with the narrow business situation has been creating intricacies to the country in experiencing rapid growth across the global market (Zarif 2014). Hence, it can be assessed that the prime goal should be on mitigating the commercial risks at the micro level. Consequently, it would be enterprises in navigating any macroeconomic fluctuations. Issue 2: Besides the commercial risk analysis, the legal risk analysis is also important for obtaining the adequate knowledge in understanding the legal structure of the particular country. By analyzing the global trade programs, it can be identified that the particular country is the most comprehensive and advanced sanctions process. Due to the advanced system for the sanction program, most of the organizations and foreign investors are influenced in investing into the Iranian market (Latifnejad Roudsari et al. 2013). However, the foreign investors consider the commercial opportunities prior to making a close look at the different terms of legality. When it comes to analyzing the legalities, it can be identified that the sanctions regulations are often multifaceted and were legislated in an untidy manner. Due to the complex legalities, most of the foreign investors have been taking back their footstep, as they do not want to face any messy business environment. Business analysts have discuss ed that the conformity is an integral part of the business and the companies should focus on investing in the best legal expertise (Joshanloo et al. 2014). Breakdown to comply indicates the long-term and radical commercial, political and reputational damage. During analyzing the national culture of Iran, we have seen that the particular country believes in diverse point of views and people are hard working for achieving the goals and objectives of the business. However, the lack of smoothness in the legalities has affected many foreign investors in establishing the business in the domestic market (Mobtaker, Akram and Keyhani 2012). Consequently, the workforces of the country often face intricacies in obtaining the desired career growth in an efficient manner. Hence, it can be assessed that the Iranian government needs to focus on the legal structure so that it could influence the new shareholders in investing the business into the particular domestic market. On the other contrary, the Iranian government has discussed that they follow strict legal structure due to some reasons. For instances, most of the foreign investors have a tendency to flout the domestic laws during the entering time into the emerging markets (Thorell et al. 2013). H ence, the local government of Iran discussed that they made such business regulations to diminish the corruption along with the perception of lax enforcement. However, the government needs to focus on simplifying the legal structures for the new investors so that the national economic arrangement can be strengthened in an efficient manner. Although the particular country has the strong cultural background, they need to review their legal system in order to experience growth in the global platform (Ansari, Reza and Mahdi 2012). Risk Mitigation Strategies: In the above section, we have discussed the legal and commercial risks in context to the cultural influence of Iran. Over the past few years, most of the business analysts have agreed with the fact that the particular country needs to focus on reducing issues including legal and commercial, as it affects their national economic development process. For mitigating the legal issues, the government of Iran needs to analysis their legal structure in an efficient manner, so that they could understand the key development areas (Butler, O'Gorman and Prentice 2012). Without analyzing the legal framework, the particular country would not be able to mitigate the particular issue in an appropriate manner. It has been that the effective business structure is one of the integral parts for obtaining triumph in the domestic as well as in the international platform. In order to mitigate such issues, the Iranian government should implement the corporate structure in the legal system so that it influe nces the foreign investors in an efficient manner. On the other hand, the government should analysis their political framework for identifying the possible risks. By developing a team, the government would be able to monitor the impact of their legal structure on the new businesses as well as the existing investors. Besides the legal risk, the country needs to focus on developing strategies in order to mitigate the commercial risks. For mitigating the commercial risk, Iran needs to analysis their macroeconomic drivers in a detailed manner, so that they could understand the key development areas. During the discussion on the national cultural analysis, we have seen that the particular country consists of young populations, unexploited manufacturing base, enhanced purchasing power, and the limited government debt. On the contrary, Iran faces intricacies to enhance the commercialization in the domestic market in the recent years (Geert-hofstede.com. 2016). Despite having huge business potentiality and diverse culture, Iran is unable to experience the high growth in the global market. For mitigating such issue, the potential existing investors of the country need to focus on utilizing the macroeconomic drivers. With the involvement of macroeconomic drivers, the nations would be able to enhance their commercialization. The people belonging to the Iranian culture always try to be busy with the work and they believe in delivering hard work for achieving success within the targeted timeframe. Hence, the lack of utilization of such workforce has been raising intricacies in enhancing the commercialization in the nation. Due to the lack of commercialization, the process of national economic development has become slow down. Recommendations: It can be recommended that the particular Islamic country needs to focus on their legal structure in order to mitigate the lawful risks. The government bodies need to engage the foreign investors for strengthening the national economic development. Besides this, Iran could engage huge businesses in their domestic market through simplifying the legal framework. On the other hand, the particular country scores low in following the foreign culture. Hence, the multinational companies would be able to spread the diverse culture in the society. Consequently, it would facilitate in developing a diverse workforce, which would deliver adequate contribution for the triumph of the trade. Aside from this, the particular Middle East country would focus on influencing the macroeconomic driver, which would facilitate in enhancing the business opportunities in an efficient manner. It can be recommended that the focus of Iran should be on the economic development of the nation. It has been seen that the foreign investors often neglect the obtainable business opportunities due to the complex legal structure. Hence, the local government needs to develop the proper corporate structure for improving the trade culture in an effectual manner. References: Ansari, M.I., Reza, R. and Mahdi, S., 2012. Analysis the relationship between cultural intelligence and transformational leadership (the case of managers at the trade office).International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(14). Broer, P.N., Buonocore, S., Morillas, A., Liu, J., Tanna, N., Walker, M., Ng, R. and Persing, J.A., 2012. Nasal aesthetics: a cross-cultural analysis.Plastic and reconstructive surgery,130(6), pp.843e-850e. Butler, R., O'Gorman, K.D. and Prentice, R., 2012. Destination appraisal for European cultural tourism to Iran.International Journal of Tourism Research,14(4), pp.323-338. Feizizadeh, B. and Blaschke, T., 2013. Land suitability analysis for Tabriz County, Iran: a multi-criteria evaluation approach using GIS.Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,56(1), pp.1-23. Geert-hofstede.com. (2016).Iran - Geert Hofstede. [online] Available at: https://geert-hofstede.com/iran.html [Accessed 2 Nov. 2016]. Hassan, F.A., 2013. Sediments in archaeology: methods and implications for palaeoenvironmental and cultural analysis.Journal of Field Archaeology Johnston, H., 2013.Social movements and culture(Vol. 4). Routledge. Joshanloo, M., Lepshokova, Z.K., Panyusheva, T., Natalia, A., Poon, W.C., Yeung, V.W.L., Sundaram, S., Achoui, M., Asano, R., Igarashi, T. and Tsukamoto, S., 2014. Cross-cultural validation of fear of happiness scale across 14 national groups.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,45(2), pp.246-264. Joshanloo, M., Wissing, M.P., Khumalo, I.P. and Lamers, S.M., 2013. Measurement invariance of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) across three cultural groups.Personality and Individual Differences,55(7), pp.755-759. Latifnejad Roudsari, R., Javadnoori, M., Hasanpour, M., Hazavehei, S.M.M. and Taghipour, A., 2013. Socio-cultural challenges to sexual health education for female adolescents in Iran.International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine,11(2), pp.101-110. Mobtaker, H.G., Akram, A. and Keyhani, A., 2012. Energy use and sensitivity analysis of energy inputs for alfalfa production in Iran.Energy for sustainable development,16(1), pp.84-89. Shirazi, H.G., Hosseini, M., Zoladl, M., Malekzadeh, M., Momeninejad, M., Noorian, K. and Thorell, L.B., Veleiro, A., Siu, A.F. and Mohammadi, H., 2013. Examining the relation between ratings of executive functioning and academic achievement: Findings from a cross-cultural study.Child Neuropsychology,19(6), pp.630-638. Torabi Farsani, N., Coelho, C. and Costa, C., 2012. Geotourism and geoparks as gateways to socio-cultural sustainability in Qeshm Rural Areas, Iran.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,17(1), pp.30-48. Watson, P.J., Chen, Z. and Ghorbani, N., 2014. Extrinsic cultural religious orientation: Analysis of an Iranian measure in university students in the United States.Journal of Beliefs Values,35(1), pp.61-78. Zamani-Farahani, H. and Musa, G., 2012. The relationship between Islamic religiosity and residents perceptions of socio-cultural impacts of tourism in Iran: Case studies of Sarein and Masooleh.Tourism Management,33(4), pp.802-814. Zarif, M.J., 2014. What Iran really wants: Iranian foreign policy in the Rouhani Era.Foreign Aff.,93, p.49.

English Special Batch Model Test of TOEFL Essay Example

English Special Batch Model Test of TOEFL Essay Timet 1:30 Hour English Special Batch Model Test On TOEFL Mini Test-01 Total Marks: 100 Tick the correct answer and choose the incorrect word. 1. Arizona a very dry climate. (a) has (b) being (c) having (d) with 2. Venomous snakes with modified teeth connected to the A poison glands in which the venom is secreted and stored. B C D 3. One of the least effective ways of storing information is learning - it. (a) how repeat (b) repeating (c) to repeat (d) repeat 4. Representative democracy seemed evolve simultaneously A B during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Britain, C Europe, and the United States. D 5. Strauss finished two of his published compositions before his tenth birthday. (a) written (b) write (c) to write (d)writing 6. Many people have stopped to smoke because they are afraid A B C that it may be harmful to their health. D 7. Many modern architects insist on materials native to the region that will blend into the surrounding landscape. (a) use (b) to use (c) the use (d) using 8. During Jackson’s administration, those who did not approve A of permit common people in the White House were shocked B C by the president’s insistence that they be invited into the mansion. We will write a custom essay sample on English Special Batch Model Test of TOEFL specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on English Special Batch Model Test of TOEFL specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on English Special Batch Model Test of TOEFL specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer D 9. Please - photocopies of copyrighted material without the permission of the publisher. (a) no make (b) don’t make (c) not make (d) not to make 10. Please don’t parking in those spaces that have signs A reserving them for the handicapped. B C D 11. In the Morrill act. Congress granted federal lands to the states agricultural and mechanical arts colleges. (a) for establish (b) to establish (c) establish (d) establishment 12. Papyrus was used for to make not only paper but also sails, A B C baskets, and clothing. D 13. If more than five thousand dollars in monetary instruments is transported into the United States, a report needs with the Customs Office. (a) file (b) filing (c) to file (d) to be filed 14. Because the interstate highway system linking roads across A the country was built about forty – five years ago, most of B C the roads in the system now need repaired. D 15. - Giant Ape Man, our biggest and probably one of our first human ancestors, was just about the size of a male gorilla. (a) it is believed that (b) that it is (c) that is believed (d) that believing 16. That it is believed that most of the earthquakes in the world A B occur near the youngest mountain ranges – the Himalayas, C D the Andes, and the Sierra Nevadas. 17. The Giraffe survives in part because it - the vegetation in the high branches of trees where other animals have not grazed. (a) to reach (b) can reach (c) reaching (d)reach 18. According to some scientists, the earth losing its outer A B C atmosphere because of pollutions. D 19. Hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent because it effectively whitens a variety of fibers and surfaces. a) used (b) is used (c) is using (d) that it uses 20. If a rash occurs within twenty – four hours after taking a A B new medication, the treatment should discontinued. C D 21. When Franklin Roosevelt became very ill, his wife began to take a more active role in politics, and many people believed that and the president shared his responsibilities. (a) she (b) her (c) herself (d) hers 22. We know that in 1000 A. D. Leif Eriksson l anded on the A North American coast, and that him and his Norwegian B companions were the first white men to see the New World. C D 23. According to the Christian Bible, when the disciplines saw Jesus after he had risen from the dead, they said, -(a) â€Å" It is him† (b) â€Å" It is he† (c) â€Å"It is his† (d) â€Å" It is himself† 24. It is her, Elizabeth I, not her father, King Henry, who led A B C D England into the Age of Empire. 25. Moby Dick is a mythical account of evil and revenge as shown by Captain Ahab’s pursuit of the whale that had wounded earlier in life. (a) he (b) his (c) him (d)to him 26. According to legend, because the Native American Princes A B Pocahontas said that she loved he, Captain John Smith was C D set free. 7. Since the Earth’s crust is much thicker under the continents, equipment would have to be capable of drilling through 100,000 feet of rock to investigate the mantle -(a) beneath them (b) beneath their (c) beneath its (d) beneath they 28. According to Amazon legends, men were forced to do all A B of the households tasks for the women warri ors who C governed and protected the cities for they. D 29. One property of radioisotopes is that decaying occurs in half – lives over a long period of time. (a) they (b) them (c) they’re (d) their 30. Although Barney Clark lived only a few months with the A artificial heart doctors were able to learn a great deal from B him having used it. C D 31. Sports medicine experts agree that ice should be applied immediately when an athlete suffers an injury to leg. (a) its (b) an (c) the (d) his 32. According to the theory of natural selection, the man who was able to use the hands and feet most freely to walk and A B C grasp was the one who survived and evolved. D 33. Charlie Chaplin was a comedian was best known for his work in silent movies. (a) who (b) which (c) whose (d)what 34. Absolute zero, the temperature at whom all substances have A B zero thermal energy and thus, the lowest possible C temperatures, is unattainable in practice. D 35. In a parliamentary system, it is not the monarch but the prime minister (a) whom the real power (b) who has the real power (c) whom has the real power (d)who the real power 36. The pilgrims were 102 English emigrants whom, after A arriving on the Mayflower, became the first European B C D settlers in New England. 37. The jaw structure of a snake permits it to eat and digest animals much larger than (a) it (b) itself (c) its (d) it has 38. According to the Fifth Amendment to the U. S. A Constitution, no person should be compelled to be a witness B C against him own. D 39. Business partners can usually sell their mutually owned property without consulting unless they have agreed to a separate contract. (a) other (b) other one (c) one the other (d) each other 40. The twinkling lights of the firefly are signals so that the A B male and female of the species can find each to the other. C D 41. A desert receives less than twenty-five - of rainfall every year. (a) centimeter (b) a centimeter (c) centimeters (d) of centimeters 42. In 1950 it was naively predicted that eight or ten computer A B C would be sufficient to handle all of scientific and business D needs in the United States. 43. at 212 degrees F. and freezes at 32 degrees F. (a) water boil (b) the water boils (c) water boils (d) waters boils 44. The religion attempts to clarify mankind’s relationship with A B C a superhuman power. D 45. It is generally believed that an M. B. A. degree is good preparation for a career in (a) a business (b) business (c) businnesses (d) one business 46. A space is the last frontier for men to conquer. A B C D 47. Unemployment compensation is money to support an unemployed person while he or she is looking for -(a) job (b) a job (c) works (d) a work 48. It is believed that a people could live on Mars with little A B C life support because the atmosphere is similar to that of Earth. D 49. Fire – resistant materials are used to retard of modern aircraft in case of accidents. (a) a damage to the passenger cabin (b) that damages to the passenger cabin (c) damage to the passenger cabin (d) passenger cabin’s damages 50. A progress has been made toward finding a cure for AIDS. A B C D 51. Hybrids have one more - per plant than the other varieties. (a) corns (b)ear of corn (c) con ears (d) corn’s ears 52. A few tiles on Skylab were the only equipments that failed A B C to perform well in outer space. D 53. Sunspots are known to cause enormous increase in the intensity of the sun’s electro magnetic radiation. (a) an (b)a (c) some (d) one 54. Although almost all insects have six legs, a immature A B C insect may not have any. D 55. - of Country – Western singers may be related to old English ballads (a) the music (b) music (c) their music (d) musics 56. Philosophy of the ancient Greeks has been preserved in the A B scholarly writing of Western civilization. C D 57. is an ancient source of energy. (a) the wind (b) winds (c) wind (d) a wind 58. The soil is composed of a mixture of organic matter called A B C D humus and inorganic matter derived from rocks. 59. At Woolworth’s first five – ten –cents store, more than a dime. (a) neither items cost (b) items not cost (c) items none costing (d)no item cost 60. Some religions have none deity but are philosophers that A B C function instead of religions. D 61. One of of the late Middle Ages was Saint Thomas Aquinas, a scholar who studied under Albertus Magnus. (a) the thinkers who was great (b) the great thinker (c) the greatest thinkers (d) who thought greatly 62. One of the primary cause of accidents in coal mines is the A B C accumulation of gas. D 63. Although southern California is densely populated, live in the northern part of the state. (a) a little people (b) a few the people (c) few people (d) a little people 64. Unless one subscribes to a larger metropolitan newspaper A such as the Wall Street Journal, or the Washington Post, one B C will find very few news form abroad. D 65. Although the Ojibwa Indians fought frequently with Sioux, they didn’t have - with early white settlers. (a) much contact (b) lots contact (c) many contact (d) large contact 66. Many havey work that was once done by hand can now be A B C cone more easily with the help of compressed air. D 67. is currently available to researchers and physician who study and treat acromegaly, a glandular disorder characterized by enlargement and obesity. a) the little information (b) few information (c) little information (d)a few information 68. When there is a few money remaining after all expenses A B have been paid, we say that a small economic surplus or C profit has been created. D 69. can be grown on arid land. (a) only a few crops (b) only few crop (c) only a little crops (d) only little crop 70. Only a little early scien tists, among them Bacon, A B C Copernicus, and Bruno, believed that the principles D underlying the physical world could be discovered and understood through careful observation and analysis. 1. Only - of the breeds of cattle have been brought to the United States. (a) a small amount (b) a little amount (c) a small number (d) a little number 72. The amount of books in the Library of Congress is more A B C D than 58 million volumes. 73. There are three kinds of solar eclipse: one is total, another is annular, and (a) the another is partial (b) the partial is other (c) other is partial (d) the other is partial 74. One of the most popular major fields of study for foreign A scholars in the United States is business and the another is B C 75. Some plants are annuals, are biennial; and the rest are perennials. (a) some another (b) another (c) others (d) other 76. Technically, glass is a mineral and -. (a)water so (b)water is so (c)so is water (d)so water is 77. Some birds can travel at speeds approaching one hundred A miles an hour, and a few land animals can so. B C D 78. Although they are both grown in the United States and exported abroad, corn is not native to America and winter wheat -. (a)is neither (b)isn’t either (c)isn’t neither (d)is either 79. According to many educators, television should not A B become a replacement for good teachers, and neither are C D computers. 80. Bacterial sports germinate and sprout favorable conditions of temperature and food supply. (a)when encountering of (b) when they encounter (c)when they will encounter (d) when they encounter of 81. In most states insurance agents must pass an examination to A B be licensed when they will complete their training. C D 82. Recently, there have been several outbreaks of disease like egionnaire’s syndrome, and doctors don’t know (a) what is the cause (b)the cause is what (c)is what the cause (d) what the cause is 83. In Ground Control Approach, the air traffic controller A informs the pilot how far is the plane from the touchdown B C D point. 84. A symbol of the ancient competition, the Olympic flame burns - throughout the games. (a) in a continuous way (b) continues (c) continuously (d) continual 85. Although the â€Å"Lake Poets† Wordswo rth, Coleridge, and Southey were friends, they did not really form a group since A Southey’s style differed wide from that of the other two. B C D 86. When a woman becomes pregnant in life, she encounters additional risks in delivering a healthy baby. (a) lately (b)lateness (c) latest (d) late 87. Overseas telephone service has been expanding fastly since A B is inauguration in 1927 when a radio circuit was established C D between New York and London. 88. Penguins, the most highly specialized of all aquatic birds, may live - twenty years. (a)before (b) since (c)for (d) from 89. Because national statistics on crime have only been kept for 1930, it is not possible to make judgments about crime A B C during the early years of the nation. D 90. Of all the cities in Texas, -(a) that San Antonio is probably the most picturesque (b)San Antonio is probably the most picturesque (c)probably San Antonio the most picturesque (d) the most picturesque probably that San Antonio 91. Thunder that is audible from distance as far away as ten A B C miles. D 92. The Good Earth, , is a novel set in China. (a) which by Pearl Buck (b) which was written by Pearl Buck (c) was written by Pearl Buck (d) Pearl Buck being the one who wrote it. 93. Quasars, which relatively small objects, emit an enormous A B mount of energy. C D 94. Most beekeepers have observed - at the approach of a thunderstorm. (a) enraging the bees (b) that bees become enraged (c) that bees enraging (d) become enraged the bees. 95. Most modern observatories contain telescopes that A B scientists using as cameras to take photographs to remote C D galaxies. 96. Culture influences the way (a) viewing the world (b) that we view the world (c) the world view (d) is the view of the world 97. Of all the reference materials, the encyclopedia is the one A B that most people using. C D 98. The first transistor was basically a small chip made of germanium onto one surface of which two pointed wire contacts - side by side. (a) are made (b) made (c) were made (d) making 99. Because early balloons were at the mercy of shifting A B winds, they are not considered a practical means of C transportation until the 1850s. D 100. Ancient people believed that with a sun and a moon rotating around it. (a) the earth was the center of the universe (b) the earth is the center of the universe (c)the center of the universe is earth (d) the universe has earth at the center.

Shakespeares play othello demonstrates the weakness of human judgement Essays

Shakespeares play othello demonstrates the weakness of human judgement Essays Shakespeares play othello demonstrates the weakness of human judgement Essay Shakespeares play othello demonstrates the weakness of human judgement Essay a non-profit organization. Privacy policy Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Mobile view Wikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki

Critically discuss arguments for and against financial liberalisation Essay

Critically discuss arguments for and against financial liberalisation - Essay Example At this time, Korea also underwent significant demographic changes, where the majority of its population started residing in urban areas. While demonstrating the Korean changes Chang (1999, 31) used the term ‘compressed modernity,’ thus, aptly summarising these rapid changes. The high growth phase that lasted for almost four decades finally came crashing down in 1997, owing to the rippling effects of the Asian financial crisis that took place at around the same time in 1997- 98. After this episode, the Korean government brought in many financial changes, and while continuing with intensified financial market liberalization it followed the various recommendations given by the IMF with aims to improve the situation. Since the applications of these reforms, IMF had touted Korea’s macroeconomic recovery as being highly successful in nature. This is evident in a letter by the IMF’s Managing Director’s letter praising Korea's successful reforms which claim s, "the close cooperation between Korea and the IMF over the last few years has been exemplary and in many respects serves as a model for other countries" (News Brief No. 01/82, 2001). A majority of the researches on Korea’s recovery after the Asian crises, had attributed it to the polices of financial liberalisation and open markets. ... l interests at work, that are emulating and interacting constantly with each other, and was a result of reforms brought in by the Korean government that kept on changing, while also following the financial norms created by the former dictatorial regime. In this article, in view of the South Korean economy, studies will focus on the basic query as to whether financial liberalisation is actually the primary reason behind any country’s economy growth. Discussion What is financial liberalisation: Financial liberalization pertains to the adoptions of different measures in order to remove or lessen the stringent state regulatory mechanisms, which tend to control the functioning of the various financial institutions, and monitor the instrumental and agent activities within the various segments of the country’s economic market. These measures can be of two types, as regards a country’s internal or external regulations (Ghosh and Chandrasekhar, 2003). While working toward s internal financial liberalization, certain typical measures are followed, that may vary in certain degrees from country to country, as per the requirements, which are listed below (Ghosh, 2005, 2-4): A major step towards internal financial liberalisation includes elimination or alleviation in the controls on the return rates and interest rates, as are charged by the various operating financial agents, primarily the banks. However, the main central bank still continues to monitor and regulate the rate structures by its own functions in the liberal market economy and also through the process of adjusting the discount rates, offered by the other financial institutions. in an economy that operates under financial liberalisation the ‘interest rate ceilings’ are very often removed, thus allowing stiff

Final Exam Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Final Exam - Coursework Example Since the northern states had more private wealth of their own, the southern government had to borrow money from them and help restore their economy (Knowles & Healey, 2006). By the time the civil war was coming to an end, the value of the Confederate dollar had really dropped in comparison to the Union money. Life became so expensive in the south and people started starving due the inflation of the price of even basic needs including food commodities. Slavery was also legalized with most slaves being African Americans who worked nonstop in their employers’ cotton. With the slaves no longer available, it meant that no more cotton was being produced hence no income from it (Harris, 2008). In the political realm, southern leaders came back to the Washington capital and the federal government controlled each of the southern sates one by one. Abraham Lincoln initialized strategic plans for reconstructing the southern states. In the year 1865, he introduced a bureau that gave the once slaves a right to get educated, be employed with better jobs and get good healthcare. An amendment was also introduced that totally did away with the once legalized slavery. On my own individual account, I would have liked to live from the years 1866 onwards due to the good leadership implemented by Lincoln because there were job opportunities, good healthcare facilities and also the southern and northern states were united (Gillman, 2002). In the 20th century, the U.S historical course changed whereby a great industrial revolution took place, to the extent of becoming the best in the world in terms of industrial management and output. Availability of land, labour, natural resources, capital and good transport networks lead to production and transport of many goods and services that increased the annual income of the citizens after the previous inflation. The present-day America has got large and

Discuss Critically the Implications of Whistleblowing for Essay

Discuss Critically the Implications of Whistleblowing for Accountability, and Raising and Escalating Concerns - Essay Example 110). The secret filming agency also revealed that disabled patients were exposed to a lot of mental and physical torture. This is attributed to the fact that they are in most cases ignored or mistreated when they attend healthcare centers (Jeffrey, 2009, p. 24). Whistle blowing is not easy task as many would think because it puts ones career and reputation on the line. Whistle blowers who advocate for better medical care for patients who have demanding needs are in most cases scared of the attitudes their colleagues. In most cases, their colleagues are not in support of their actions (Killion & Dempski, 2006, p. 122). Alerting the society about the needs of patients is crucial and very important. However, this has to be done with extreme care so as to avoid raising false alarms. There should be careful analysis of situations in order to get comprehensive information about the situation. This helps in making sure that the raised concerns are adequately and appropriately addressed. He alth care workers and practitioners are not regulated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (Lewis, 2001, p. 299). The organization however does its best to ensure that it passes the right information relating to how patients can be handled in a careful and respectful manner. Nurses are well trained on matters relating to duty and are encouraged to put first the interests and concerns of patients. They are also supposed to ensure that patients are adequately protected from all manner of risks (Lippincott & Wilkins, 2002, p. 110). The Nursing and Midwifery Council has produced various publications that offer guidance to health practitioners regarding their roles and duties. For instance, in their publication, ‘Raising and escalating concerns’ they gave a number of tips on how healthcare practitioners can improve their service delivery. They noted that healthcare practitioners have the duty of acting responsibly should they feel that a colleague may be putting a pati ent's life at risk in the course of delivering medication (Vandekerckhove, 2006, p. 255). Practitioners have also been empowered to seek assistance from respective authorities should there be a problem that could hinder effective service delivery. The hospitals environments are supposed to avail maximum comfort to the sick ill and also be able to assure them of an improvement in their health (White, 2005, p. 100). Governments in developed countries have laws that protect whistle blowers. A perfect example is the enactment of the interest disclosure act of nineteen ninety-eight (Lewis, 2001, p. 300). The law was put in place to protect workers from victimization once they air out issues concerning professional malpractices. The act covers workers who expose genuine concerns regarding their employers or colleagues (Vandekerckhove, 2006, p. 221). Appropriate procedures must be observed when raising concerns about specific issues. Firstly, the issues being raised should be valid and law ful. They should be raised for public interest rather than personal interests (Lippincott & Wilkins, 2002, p. 129). Once issues are raised, relevant authorities make a follow up to ensure that there is fairness and transparency in addressing the raised concerns (Boatright, 2009, p. 99). Service delivery in a public institution should always reflect

Exploitation of Workers in Developing Countries

Exploitation of Workers in Developing Countries Since the time, plans were being made to implement free trade we were guaranteed it would be a win/win situation.This was one of the very important step for the pioneering of Globalization. First world consumers, manufacturers,industrialists, farmers, laborers everyone would benefit. Not only the first world countries, the whole world would benefit. It would pull the developing world up because there would be plenty of good, well-paid jobs that would be created . When borders opened to the free flow of goods and services, consumers would have more variety, and at cheper prices. Even agricultural goods could move around the world to new markets, sluggish farm prices would also rise. The farmers in developing countries would now have new markets for their goods, and they would bow out of piteous poverty.It seems like the perfect idea and sounds great too, doesnt it? But like most things that sounded too good to be true, it quiet was. The American/British/European workers who had jobs that paid pretty well in the scheme of things found that their employers could clear up the factories and move to a country where the workers werent so well paid. A country where there are no tariffs, so goods could be shipped back into the First world countries and sold, often cheaper than when they were made in the rich countries. Not only was labor cheaper, but environmental laws were generally more lenient in, say, Mexico, India or China. The companies could use child labor too and there were no laws forcing a 40-hour workweek.Drive your workers to the point of exhaustion and pay them as little as possible. If they complain, replace them-This is the formula adopted by all the third world factory bosses for success. All the consumers care for is low prices from their favorite clothing stores and supermarkets. So is this what Globalization called for ? To exploit the labour in third would countries all for the benefit of the rich countries like America , Europe,etc.Consumers in th e first world countries found goods were economical when they were made overseas. The foreign workers did not have the high-paying jobs as promised. They had poverty-wage jobs and the sweatshop was back. They were under paid and working in poor conditions with masses of eager workers waiting in line for them to quit. My argument in the essay is How Globalization has resulted in Labour Exploitation and Child Labour in many third world countries. An International Confederation of Free Trade Unions report said, MULTINATIONAL corporations remained the main beneficiaries of globalisation as more than 1,3-billion people around the world lived on less than $1 a day.(Globalisation: the plight of billions stressed ,By Reneà © Grawitzky, Business Day, 30 March 2000) The widening inequalities should be addressed as part of a broader strategy by unions in dealing with the effects of globalisation. What does globalization mean to working people? Ask a member of UNITE and shell talk about the thousands of good paying jobs that were taken overseas. Talk to the young woman in Bangladesh who gets 20 cents for making a shirt that sells for $30 at The Gap. Ask the 14- to 16-year-old women in Central America who are forced to swallow birth control pills in front of their bosses so the company can keep them on the job, since it doesnt pay for health care. Ask the laid-off steelworker about the foreign imports, made by U.S. corporations abroad and exported to the U.S. because they make more profits. Or ask Iqbal Masih, the 12-year-old rug maker from Pakistan who was enslaved from age 4 and forced to learn a trade. (What globalization means to working people, John Gallo, Peoples Weekly World, 20 April 2002) .What is the reason for all this wretchedness ? Everywhere, the lives of working people are degenerating. If theyre not working from dawn to dusk,Slogging all day, for not enough to live on, they are made dispossessed and being bombed. Is it due to globalization, or greed, or laziness? Or is there something more fundamental, something less obvious, behind the worlds current problems.(What globalization means to working people, John Gallo, Peoples Weekly World, 20 April 2002). In the name of competition, employers try to produce cheaply in bulk and sell larger volumes. One way to put together cheaper labour and still make greater profits is by keeping salaries as low as possible -by any means necessary. Since all wealth is produced by human labor, the fruits of that labor, or value, go either to the workers or the owners. The less workers get, the more the owners get. That accounts for the long, brutal history workers have faced when trying to form unions or improve their livelihood. (What globalization means to working people, John Gallo, Peoples Weekly World, 20 April 2002) The third world Countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, India and Brazil have become more capitalized. The small farmers in these countries now work in factories and mills. They have become workers and in a number of ways find themselves similar to U.S. workers 70 years ago. As poor as they had been, these new workers now have less. They are concerned in trying to form unions to fight to improve their wages and working conditions.They are no more cut off in their country and continue to making ties of solidarity with their fellowmen all over the world. They are the workers who will change the face and the power of the working p eople in the world. Globalization has impulsed a number of interrelated concerns with respect to its social repercussions. The impact on labour employment, income distribution and labour standards are some of the issues included. Global competition has led to job losses or flexible job arrangements in many countries. Compared to the regular jobs these are often less secure and provide fewer social benefits. Economies all across the globe are more volatile now because of short term capital movements. This has resulted in severe economic and financial crises that further leads to unemployment and poverty. All these have created a sense of diffidence among workers and created resistance to globalization from various quarters. A well designed system for social protection is critical for long term growth prospects in open economies. The extent of social protection remains low in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In terms of social protection, there are increasingly unpredictable and fragmented employment relat ionships that lead to more and more workers not being covered by cash sickness benefits. There has been establishment of global labour standards by organizations like International Labour Organization (ILO) which work to promote rights at work, enhance social protection and encourage decent employment opportunities. But can these regulations actually improve lives of workers in LDCs? Will the anti sweatshop campaigns raise labour standards ? Will WTOs imposing trade sanctions on countries that violate standards actually help ? With economic globalization accelerating in the past few decades these questions have just got more complex and controversial. Trade and investments may not be the best way to pull up and help workers in poor countries. Labour standards and free trade are interdependent rather than competing ways to improve welfare. Unions based in first world countries play a eminent role in the dispute over globalization and labour standards whereas workers in LDCs are rarely heard from. The cause for this gap is that these poor countries, mainly those with non d emocratic governments, do not provide the necessary freedom of association or the legal protections for collective bargaining. If the workers from poor countries had been given little opportunities to protect their own interests and voice their concerns, there would be less need for activists from advanced countries to intercede on their behalf. International labour mobility has also increased due to globalization and the growing economic interdependence of states. This has also resulted in the deregulation and exploitation of labour migration. Even the migrant workmen are devoid of legal protection in the foreign countries. Even though many states have put down strict barriers on the legal entry of labour migrants, there are still a large number of irregular and illegal migrants working in low paid sectors lacking the benefits of a national worker. Most of todays migration presents characteristics that converge with concerns for labor migration policy. In short, most permanent immigrants and refugees as well as migrant workers seek remunerative activity, participate in the labor force, and face discrimination and xenophobia directed at foreigners in host countries. (Globalization, Labor and Migration :Protection is paramount, Patrick Taran Eduardo Geronimi , 22 november 2002) The LDCs face serious social and economic dislo cation associated with persistent poverty, growing unemployment, loss of traditional trading patterns, and what has been termed a growing crisis of economic security. (Globalization,Labor and Migration :Protection is paramount, Patrick Taran Eduardo Geronimi , 22 november 2002) The concerns will only increase because since 1975 the figures have only been doubling, from a 75 million in 1975 to 150 million in 2000, these figures represent the migrants living outside their home countries. The other issue in this article that needs to be focussed on is Child labour in light of Globalization. Apart from labour exploitation, Child labour is a serious concern for the consequence of Globalization. It is a grave and extensive problem in LDCs today. It was revealed in a very recent International Labour Organization (ILO) report (ILO, 2006) that approximately 166 million children in the age group of 5 14 years were classified as child laborers in 2004. That accounts for 14% of all children in that age group. These children are engaged in precarious work which adversely affects their growth, moral development and health. They are concentrated mainly in the developing countries. More than half of these children were from the Asian pacific region . The others being from Latin America and Sub saharan Africa.They work in the carpet marking factories, pornography, glass blowing, fireworks, prostitution,etc. Child labour came under the limelight in the 1990s when the campaigns were started by industrialized worlds on why such large number of children were working when they should be gaining knowledge. In November of 2000, ten children earning around $11 per month burned to death in a garment factory in Bangladesh. The exits from the factory were chained shut. Images of children chained into factories, sold as slaves, or forced into prostitution stain the popular imagination about child labor. Fortunately, while many children work in the developing world, relatively few experience such atrocities.(Globalization and the Economics of Child Labor, Eric V. Edmonds,n.d) Of course the world organizations like UNICEF, ILO and governments initiated policies to check child labour globally. But did it help enough is the big question ? Globalization increases employment opportunities specially in developing countries due to the rapid increase in foreign investment. This therefore surges the demand for local labour and higher wages. These changes in the developing economies springing from globalization could further lead to child labour due to earning opportunities. To illustrate how trade policy and globalization can have an affect on child labour, I would like to take Vietnam as an example on how its increase in the price of rice led to a decline in child labour. Vietnam restricted its exports of rice starting in 1989. These quotas suppressed the domestic price of rice. Between 1993 and 1997, Vietnam gradually relaxed this export quota so that by 1998, Vietnam was completely exposed to the international price of rice. During this period of liberalization, the price of rice increased by 30% relative to the rise in the consumer price index. Rice is an important commodity in Vietnam. It is the primary staple in the V ietnamese diet, the largest single component of household expenditure, and 70% of households produce rice. Moreover, in 1993, before the liberalization of rice prices in Vietnam, 26% of children between 6 and 15 worked in rice production in Vietnam, and rice production was far and away the largest employer of adults. Thus, rice price increases should affect both children and adults.The study finds that rice price increases can account for 45% of the overall decline in child labor that Vietnam experienced in the 1990s. This corresponds to approximately 1 million fewer working children in Vietnam. (Globalization and the Economics of Child Labor, Eric V. Edmonds ,n.d) In India child labour has become an accepted practice. It is believed to be a necessity to overcome poverty. The carpet industry, for example pays these children extremely low wages since adults refuse to do these jobs. Even MNCs exploit child labour in poor countries. Nike is accused of using child labour in countries like pakistan, india, bangladesh, china, etc. These children were all in the age group of 4-5 years. More than 200 children were involved in each production processes. The Nike soccer balls in Pakistan are accused to be stained with the harsh truth of child labour. More than half of the soccer ball production is done in Pakistan and every step of its production has child labour involved. So is a reputed company like Nike helping or exploiting these developing countries? In china, the members of a chinese minority group mainly young girls aged 15-18 were employed in the Longfa Shoe factory in the Guangdong province. Longfa Shoe factory supplies Nike , Inc. These compani es get down to the extent of illegally swapping IDs, making fake birth certificates, illegal migration, etc. Even the chocolate industry is accused of using child labour. In Cà ´te dIvoire,West Africa thousands of children are forced to labour in the production of cocoa. Even the well established companies like Puma, Wal-Mart, Hanes are believed to use child labour. Allegations were made against Harvest Rich factory in Bangladesh, which is a contract supplier to these US and European companies. Young children were found sewing clothes for these companies. There were at least 200 children involved, some as young as 11 years. These children work upto almost 12 hours a day. They were reported to be beaten, slapped and forced to work for 19-20 hours sometimes. They get horribly low wages which could be as low as 6.5 cents per hour. The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company is operating the worlds largest rubber plantation in Harbel, Liberia for the last 80 years. They exploit labour and al so use child labour. The rubber tappers are forced to bring their wives and children, they use toxic pesticides without protection. The children are forced to carry about 70-80 pound buckets of rubber on their shoulders for miles. These laborers live in shacks which exist since 1920s. All these cases, which are just a few to illustrate, include big companies from the developed countries who use child labour only to their benefits. Is this what globalization has called for?

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Victims, Bullies and Bully-Vict

Conceptual Framework Many people have different views on what they think bullying might be. It is often interpreted in different ways by different people. Rigby et al (2002) cited a definition of bullying as ‘an intentional harm where the power is differential between the bully and the victim’ (p.1). This meant that the bullies are likely to suffer from a range of problems than the children who are uninvolved. The researcher’s main assumption is to consider victimisation and bullying separately and secondly to consider victimisation and bullying simultaneously to examine the genetics and environmental influences on the covariation between the two. The paper focuses on three groups of children that are involved in bullying. The three groups are as follows: one being the victim, two being the bullies and third one being the bully victims who are both the bullies and the victims of bullying. According to Egan and Perry, (1998) they believe that the bullies and victims have an increase in emotional and behavioural problems than the children who are not involved in bullying. One of this problem being is low self regard where as Hawker et al (2006) stated the problems are anxiety and depression where as Schwartz (2000) stated that the bullying victims are more depressed and anxious and have higher rates of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and are more likely to be referred for psychiatric care and also are more likely to be rejected by a school (Kempulainen et al 1998) compared to the children who are uninvolved in bullying, the victims or bullies. Hawker and Egan et al both have similar views as they both sta ted that the bullying victims are depressed and anxious. Various studies have been car... ...ousehold income. Overall it has been proved that bullying was influenced by genetic factors and to a small extent by non shared environmental factors. Patterson et al (1992) suggested that socialisation via parenting and peers (Harris, 1998) contribute to share and non-shared environmental influences on aggressive behaviour. The correlation between victimisation and bullying indicated that fewer children are the bully-victims while more are ‘pure’ victims or ‘pure’ bullies. This confirms earlier research that has been carried out has found a similar correlation between victimisation and aggression (Hodges and Perry, (1999); Crick and Bigbee, (1998). The correlation was seen as high in girls as in boys between the victimisation and bullying. This concludes that the chances of being a bully given to that one victim are just as high for girls as for boys.

Obesity Amongst Mexican Children Essay

Abstract: The prevalence of overweight children in the United States of Mexican descent is higher for second generation than their first generation counterparts. First generation immigrants tend to keep a healthier lifestyle by consuming more fresh fruits and vegetables, walking longer distances and smoking less than the more acculturated Mexican-Americans. Acculturation is a major contributing factor for the alarming rates of obesity within Mexican children. When children of Mexican immigrants are exposed to American society, they develop unhealthy habits such as eating pizza and hot dogs during school lunch hours, access to vending machines, and media exposure where they are constantly bombarded with food related commercials of unhealthy nature. A lower socio-economic status, such as the recently immigrated parents, is also a contributing factor for obesity within Mexican children. High calorie and high fat content foods tend to be less expensive than fresh fruits and fresh vegetables, leading to poorer, unhealthier choices. Fast food chains are prohibitory expensive in Mexico, whereas in the US they are not. As young Mexican children develop their sense of identity while they separate from their parents or caregivers and seek acceptance from their American peers, they integrate themselves into the fast food culture leading to obesity amongst Mexican-American children of second generation in the US. The incidence of obesity in Mexican adults has increased markedly over the years. Data from the 1993 National Survey of Chronic Diseases (Encuesta Nacional de Enfermedades Cronicas) showed an obesity prevalence of 21. 5%. The 2000 National Health Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Salud) indicated that 24% of adults suffered obesity. Data from the 2006 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2006) revealed that 30% of adults of both sexes were obese. (Rojas,R, Aguilar-Salinas, C. , Jimenez, A. , Gomez, F. , Barquera, S. , 2012, p. 8) In the last two decades, the prevalence of childhood obesity, defined as at or above the 95th percentile of body mass index (BMI) for age and gender (Center for Disease Control, 2009), has more than doubled among children aged 6–11 years and tripled among adolescents aged 12–19 years, and here is no evidence that this trend is coming to an end (Ogden, 2002). This is a serious public health concern because obese children and adolescents are at an increased risk for various physical, mental, and emotional health problems, including impaired glucose tolerance , insulin resistance, atherosclerosis , coronary heart disease in adulthood , development of eating disorders, and low self-esteem (Seo, D. & Sa, J. , 2009). The obesity epidemic disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minority children, who are defined as American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian American, Black, African American, Hispanic, Latino, Native Hawaiian, or OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 3 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? other Pacific Islander (CDC, 2009). According to estimates based on the 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), among children aged 6–19 years, 22. 2% of Mexican American children and 20. 5% of non-Hispanic Blacks were obese as compared with only 13. 6% of non-Hispanic whites. Other studies performed by Ogden and colleagues (2002) also affirm a larger prevalence of obesity among Mexican American and Black children compared with white children. These rates of obesity are far from the 2010 national health objective of Healthy People 2010. The higher incidence of obesity among minority children is alarming because these racial/ethnic groups have a lower insulin sensitivity than white children (Seo, D, & Sa, J. 2009). Obesity is an epidemic facing millions of people across the globe, resulting in more than 300,000 deaths in the United States alone (Dishman, 2004). Historically, the majority of people affected by obesity were adults. However, in the last decade this epidemic has spread to our youth. Excess weight in U. S. children has increased in prevalence and has become a serious public health concern. Currently, about 33% of children ages 2–5 in the U. S. are overweight (BMI in the 85th percentile or above), and 12% are considered obese (BMI in the 95th percentile or above) (CDC, 2009). Overweight children have a 70–80% chance of becoming overweight or obese adults, which may lead to an increase in obesity related disease among adults (United States Department of Human Health and Services, 2007). Obesity is one of the leading risk factors for disease and fatal health conditions, such as hypertension, type II diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, and some cancers (CDC, 2009). Not only is obesity linked to clinical conditions, but it may also lead to mental health problems such as self-blame and low self-esteem ( Haboush, A., Phebus, T. , Tanata Ashby, D. , Zaikina-Montgomery, H. , & Kindig, K. , 2011). This paper will focus on the contributing factors for the alarming obesity rates amongst Mexican children. Are second generation Mexican children more prone to obesity than their first generation counterparts? Mexican immigrant parents usually don’t view obesity as a threatening health issue. In fact, some research reports that Mexican mothers see childhood obesity as a sign of good heath (Rosas et al. ) and thinness as a sigh of illness (Sosa, 2012). Acculturation, or the process of adjusting to a new culture, describes social, psychological, and behavioral changes that an individual undergoes as result of immigration (Buttenheim, A. , Pebley, A. , Hsih, K. , Chung, C. , Goldman, N. , 2012). The drastic changes in lifestyle and social interactions that immigrants encounter upon arriving to the United States often put them at risk for negative health consequences (Ogden et al. , 2009). Of the negative health outcomes associated with OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 4 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS?acculturation in Mexican children, obesity is significant because it has implications for development of chronic diseases such as heart disease and Type II Diabetes (CDC, 2009). Mexican children are at increased risk for obesity upon immigration to the United States and are predisposed to development of chronic diseases,(Buscemi, J. , Beech, B. , & Relyea, G. , 2011). Mexican American mothers’ views on obesity, 40% of mothers with overweight children did not identify overweight as a health issue (Ariza et al. , 2004). When weight was used as an indicator of health, parents were more concerned with the health of skinny children than overweight children. Mexican American mothers were concerned with having thin children because a thin child could become sick and die (Small, L. , Melnyk, B. , Anderson-Gifford, D. , & Hampl, J. 2009). A second and less studied mechanism linking nativity of US immigrants to obesity risk is the interconnectedness of the food environment and migration dynamics in the sending country (Buttenheim et al. , 2012). This is particularly relevant in the case of obesity risk for Mexican-origin children in the US, given the large, circular migration flows between the two countries and the well-documented nutrition transition underway in Mexico (Popkin & Udry, 1998). This transition is characterized by a shift from unprocessed and low energy density diets to highly processed, energy dense foods. The transition is due in part to new food marketing strategies and a simultaneous decrease in physical activity that has accompanied urbanization and economic development in Mexico (Popkin &Udry, 1998). Mexico’s nutrition transition has been notably rapid: Mexico now has the second highest rates of adult obesity among OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries (after the US) (Rosas, 2011). A potential explanation for the increased obesity rates within the Mexican immigrants in the US is acculturative stress (Van Hook et al. , 2011). Mexican-origin immigrants, are often faced with discrimination based on race/ethnicity and immigrant status. This discrimination, in turn, leads to chronic stress and psycho-physiological stress responses, which are known to affect health over the long run . Thus, the process of integration into a society that views Mexican-origin immigrants as being of lower status than other social and racial/ethnic groups may itself result in chronic health problems, even if health behaviors remain constant over time and across immigrant generation. Why would duration of time in the US and immigrant generation affect obesity? The acculturation literature has emphasized the importance of dietary changes by duration in the US and across generation: increased acculturation is hypothesized to lead to decreased consumption of healthy foods and increased consumption of processed high OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 5 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? fat/sugar foods. Gordon-Larsen et al. (2003) reported that first generation Mexican immigrant adolescents eat more rice, beans, fruit, and vegetables and less cheese and fast food than second generation Mexican-origin immigrants. Kaiser and colleagues (2007) say that acculturation seems to be a contributing factor for obesity amongst Mexican children. Acculturation can be defined as the process by which immigrants adopt the attitudes, values, customs, beliefs, and behaviors of a new culture. Two studies reported their findings on acculturation and potential implications on the nutritional status of Mexican American children. Kaiser and colleagues (2007) concluded that less acculturated mothers were more likely to provide alternate food choices when a child would not eat and use child-feeding strategies that may contribute to childhood overweight, such as bribes, threats, and punishment. Ariza, Chen, Binns, and Christoffel (2004) conducted a study to test their hypothesis that overweight was more prevalent in highly acculturated Mexican American children aged 5 to 6 years; however, the results did not substantiate an association between overweight and acculturation in this population. Duerksen and colleagues (2007) reported that increased levels of acculturation may lead to higher rates of overweight among Mexican American families if they were eating more meals at fast-food and buffet-style restaurants rather than selecting traditional, authentic Mexican restaurants. Studies indicated that less acculturated Mexican Americans consumed less fat, and more fiber, protein, vitamins A, C, E and B6, folate, calcium, potassium, and magnesium than their more acculturated counterparts (Rosas et al. 2011). Most research conducted across age groups and outcomes indicates that newly-arrived and less acculturated immigrants are healthier and live longer than natives. Unfortunately, this health advantage dissipates with duration of U. S. residence and does not extend to the next generation. In addition to the influence of parents’ acculturation on children’s behaviors, children can accelerate the acculturation process for their families as well because children are more likely to have a consistent exposure to typical American foods at school and likely to affect purchasing decisions of their parents. One of the biggest changes in children’s diets after moving to the United States has been suggested to be with the foods children consume at school. It has been reported that although Mexican American children liked the traditional ethnic foods they received at home, they preferred the American foods they were served at school (e.g. , pizza, hamburgers) (Rosas et al. 2011). Furthermore, there seemed to be a lack of awareness among children about the healthfulness of traditional Mexican foods (such as fruits, vegetables, and beans) or potential health risks of the typical American diet, which was perceived as pizza, hotdogs, hamburgers, and French fries. As children develop their own self and ethnic identities, they may seek separation from their parents and acceptance from their peers, and they may identify fast food and other less healthful food options with the United States culture. This can eventually lead to less healthful dietary patterns both for children and their families because children are likely to affect food-purchasing OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 6 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? decisions in their households (Rosas et al. 2011). When looking into the influence of acculturation on food intake behaviors among children and youths, another important element of the social environment must be addressed: media exposure. Media exposure can have detrimental influences at both ends of the spectrum in terms of eating behaviors: children may adopt an unrealistically thin body image through exposure to popular culture, and unhealthy dieting practices or eating disorders may follow. Alternatively, they may increase their consumption of nutrient-poor, energy-dense foods that they are exposed to through advertisements, and this type of behavior may eventually lead to overweight status. There have been some initiatives to limit food marketing aiming at children, but nutritionally poor and energy dense foods (e.g. , high sugar cereals, candy, soft drinks, chips) still constitute the majority of the foods advertised on television (Kunkel et al. 2009). Several reports indicate that children choose advertised foods at significantly higher rates and attempt to influence their parents to purchase these foods. Unfortunately, advertisement of the nutritionally inferior food choices is not limited to television only; it is widespread through a variety of channels such as schools (vending machines, corporate sponsorship of school events and materials, etc. ), and online applications(e.g. , interactive games, sweepstakes, computer screensavers). Media exposure among children has been increasing over the past 10 years, and according to the 2009 estimates (Kunkel et al. 2009). American children spend about 7. 4 hours per day using or watching media such as television, computers, video games or movies. These estimates seem to be even higher among minorities) and individuals with lower socio economical status( SES) (Sussner et al. 2009). Hispanic youths were reported to spend about 5. 5 hours per day watching television while this estimate was 3. 5 hours per day for non-Hispanic whites in 2009. Moreover, screen time seems to increase with greater acculturation (Gordon-Larsen et al. 2003). The data from the 2003–04 National Survey of Children’s Health indicated that, in comparison to U. S. -born non-Hispanic white children with U. S. -born parents, foreign-born Hispanic children with immigrant parents were 31 percent more likely and U. S. -born Hispanic children with U. S. -born parents were 51 percent more likely to watch television. Although foreign-born Hispanics seem to be less likely to consume less healthful foods (Osypuk et al.2009), a reverse trend can be seen if these foods are more expensive in the country of origin but cheaper in the United States. For example, qualitative studies indicated that lower cost and increased availability were among the reasons for Mexican Americans to consume snacks, sweets, and fast food more in the United States . An earlier report pointed out that some foods, such as mayonnaise, margarine, and salad dressing were considered high-status items by many low-income families in Latin America (Romero-Gwynn et al. 1993). Similarly, Mexican adults living in Florida reported that in addition to fast food not being as readily available in their native country, it was more expensive than in the United States and therefore, they tended to eat fast food only for special occasions in their native OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 7 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? country. Once these types of foods become more readily available and affordable for the immigrants in the United States, an increase in the consumption levels would be expected. Lower costs, widespread availability, and the convenience of fast food in the United States appear to be an enticing solution especially for time-strapped immigrant families with children (Lindsay et al. 2009). Qualitative studies among immigrants suggest a more relaxed lifestyle in Mexico versus a very busy lifestyle in the United States that leaves less time to cook or prepare foods. This type of lifestyle makes convenience foods very appealing, and it is likely to result in an increase in fast food consumption (Gray et al. 2005). In addition to the economic conditions related to the food environment, limited socioeconomic abilities of individuals also put immigrants at greater risk for unhealthy food intake patterns and entailing health issues. Higher rates of food insecurity and low SES among minorities and immigrants are likely to force individuals to purchase relatively cheaper and filling, but often nutrient-poor, energy-dense foods (Drewnowski and Darmon 2005). A binational study that was conducted in the United States and Mexico provided support for these eating patterns, and it also pointed out the country- or culture-specific variations in these associations. In the United States sample of this study, children with food insecurity were more likely to consume fat, saturated fat, sweets, and fried snacks compared to their food secure counterparts. In Mexico, however, food insecure (versus food secure) children displayed a different food intake pattern that was characterized by higher intakes of carbohydrates, dairy, and vitamin B6 (Rosas et al. 2009). One of the least studied aspects of the relationship between socioeconomic factors and food intake is the residential context and demographic makeup of the neighborhoods. One of the few studies that examined this context in a mostly Hispanic (but mixed ethnic) sample suggested that greater density of immigrants in residential areas was positively related to fruit and vegetable intake after controlling for individual factors such as age, race/ethnicity, language, country of birth, and education (Dubowitz et al. 2008). Another study also reported that high-fat/processed food intake (fats, oils, processed meats, fried potatoes, salty snacks, desserts) was lower in immigrant-dense neighborhoods even after controlling for SES, demographic factors, and acculturation (Rosas et al.2011). These results indicate beneficial dietary intake patterns for all residents (immigrant or not) residing in that area. Some of the potential factors underlying these results could be resulting from socioeconomic advantages through greater social capital, availability of stores with healthier ethnic food options, and higher consumption of healthier food intake habits, social norms, and values in the ethnically dense neighborhoods (Dubowitz et al. 2008). OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 8 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? Highly acculturated Hispanic adults were more likely to have higher BMIs than their less acculturated counterparts. Similarly, second or third generation Hispanic youths were reported to be more likely overweight than their first generation counterparts (Popkin and Udry 1998). For adults, the difference in the overweight status by acculturation seems to be seen usually in a range of 10 to 21 years of residence in the United States, but interestingly, BMI differences were detectable by age two among less acculturated mothers’ children in a mostly Hispanic sample (Sussner et al. 2009). Some of the mechanisms underlying these findings could be the existence of cultural beliefs that associate overweight status among children with perception of good health (Sussner et al. 2009), failing to recognize overweight status, or acceptance of a larger body size as a desirable body image among Hispanics. Taken together, these cultural preferences can lead to obesity over time with the additional contribution of the typical environment in the United States that stimulates consumption of energy-dense foods and discourages physical activities. Certain food intake patterns (e. g., energy-dense foods) can lead to overweight or obese status as people acculturate. Although a factor analysis of nationally representative data from the NHANES 2001–02 did not indicate a specific dietary intake pattern in relationship to BMI or waist circumference (as measures of overall or central adiposity) among Mexican Americans (Carrera et al. 2007), it is possible that dietary intake might be related to obesity indirectly, or collectively with other lifestyle factors (e. g. , physical activity). It is also possible that the effects might be most pronounced at specific time periods during acculturation. Supporting this potential mechanism is the results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health indicating that increased probability of overweight, which was related to changes in lifestyle factors (i. e. , screen time, diet), was detectable among first generation Mexican adolescents but not among second (or more) generation participants (Gordon-Larsen et al. 2003). Although social economic status (SES) is also linked to obesity, this association seems to vary depending on the SES measures used and also by race or ethnicity. For example, in a nationally representative sample of children, both education and income were negatively related to BMI among non-Hispanic whites, but only income was positively related to BMI among Hispanics (Balistreri and Van Hook 2009). As suggested by the authors, increasing education level may be a reflection of changes in knowledge, learning abilities, social class, and personal skills while higher income among immigrants might be an indicator of greater purchasing capacity, which can result in less healthful eating patterns in the absence of adequate nutrition knowledge, skills, and a healthful food environment. SES also seems to have gender-specific and long-term consequences. Data from a nationally representative longitudinal survey among adolescents indicated that there was a strong positive association between long-term (persistent) low SES and obesity among females. Among males, however, obesity rates were highest among those who had a socioeconomically disadvantaged beginning but gained autonomy, for example, home ownership later on. Most importantly, the report pointed out that the effect of SES on OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 9 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS?obesity was probably initiated before adolescence (Scharoun-Lee et al. 2009). Conclusion: The research has shown that second generation Mexican children are in fact more prone to obesity than their first generation counterparts. Causative factors such as media exposure, school lunch programs, socio-economic factors, and the influence of parents’ own acculturation into American society are all factors that can be addressed through various means with legislative, policy changes, and education. Then we can begin to affect positively the rising trend of obesity in second generation Mexican children in the United States. OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 10 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? References: Abraido-Lanza, A. , White, K. , Vasques, E. (2004)Immigrant populations and health. In: Anderson N, editor. Encyclopedia of health and behavior. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 2004. p. 533–537. Ariza, A. J. , Chen, E. H. , Binns, H. J. , & Christoffel, K. K. (2004). Risk factors for overweight in 5 – to 6-year old Hispanic American children: A pilot study. Journal of Urban Heath, 81 (1), 150-161. Balistreri, K. , & Van Hook, J. (2007). 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