English Special Batch Model Test of TOEFL Essay Example

English Special Batch Model Test of TOEFL Essay Timet 1:30 Hour English Special Batch Model Test On TOEFL Mini Test-01 Total Marks: 100 Tick the correct answer and choose the incorrect word. 1. Arizona a very dry climate. (a) has (b) being (c) having (d) with 2. Venomous snakes with modified teeth connected to the A poison glands in which the venom is secreted and stored. B C D 3. One of the least effective ways of storing information is learning - it. (a) how repeat (b) repeating (c) to repeat (d) repeat 4. Representative democracy seemed evolve simultaneously A B during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Britain, C Europe, and the United States. D 5. Strauss finished two of his published compositions before his tenth birthday. (a) written (b) write (c) to write (d)writing 6. Many people have stopped to smoke because they are afraid A B C that it may be harmful to their health. D 7. Many modern architects insist on materials native to the region that will blend into the surrounding landscape. (a) use (b) to use (c) the use (d) using 8. During Jackson’s administration, those who did not approve A of permit common people in the White House were shocked B C by the president’s insistence that they be invited into the mansion. We will write a custom essay sample on English Special Batch Model Test of TOEFL specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on English Special Batch Model Test of TOEFL specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on English Special Batch Model Test of TOEFL specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer D 9. Please - photocopies of copyrighted material without the permission of the publisher. (a) no make (b) don’t make (c) not make (d) not to make 10. Please don’t parking in those spaces that have signs A reserving them for the handicapped. B C D 11. In the Morrill act. Congress granted federal lands to the states agricultural and mechanical arts colleges. (a) for establish (b) to establish (c) establish (d) establishment 12. Papyrus was used for to make not only paper but also sails, A B C baskets, and clothing. D 13. If more than five thousand dollars in monetary instruments is transported into the United States, a report needs with the Customs Office. (a) file (b) filing (c) to file (d) to be filed 14. Because the interstate highway system linking roads across A the country was built about forty – five years ago, most of B C the roads in the system now need repaired. D 15. - Giant Ape Man, our biggest and probably one of our first human ancestors, was just about the size of a male gorilla. (a) it is believed that (b) that it is (c) that is believed (d) that believing 16. That it is believed that most of the earthquakes in the world A B occur near the youngest mountain ranges – the Himalayas, C D the Andes, and the Sierra Nevadas. 17. The Giraffe survives in part because it - the vegetation in the high branches of trees where other animals have not grazed. (a) to reach (b) can reach (c) reaching (d)reach 18. According to some scientists, the earth losing its outer A B C atmosphere because of pollutions. D 19. Hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent because it effectively whitens a variety of fibers and surfaces. a) used (b) is used (c) is using (d) that it uses 20. If a rash occurs within twenty – four hours after taking a A B new medication, the treatment should discontinued. C D 21. When Franklin Roosevelt became very ill, his wife began to take a more active role in politics, and many people believed that and the president shared his responsibilities. (a) she (b) her (c) herself (d) hers 22. We know that in 1000 A. D. Leif Eriksson l anded on the A North American coast, and that him and his Norwegian B companions were the first white men to see the New World. C D 23. According to the Christian Bible, when the disciplines saw Jesus after he had risen from the dead, they said, -(a) â€Å" It is him† (b) â€Å" It is he† (c) â€Å"It is his† (d) â€Å" It is himself† 24. It is her, Elizabeth I, not her father, King Henry, who led A B C D England into the Age of Empire. 25. Moby Dick is a mythical account of evil and revenge as shown by Captain Ahab’s pursuit of the whale that had wounded earlier in life. (a) he (b) his (c) him (d)to him 26. According to legend, because the Native American Princes A B Pocahontas said that she loved he, Captain John Smith was C D set free. 7. Since the Earth’s crust is much thicker under the continents, equipment would have to be capable of drilling through 100,000 feet of rock to investigate the mantle -(a) beneath them (b) beneath their (c) beneath its (d) beneath they 28. According to Amazon legends, men were forced to do all A B of the households tasks for the women warri ors who C governed and protected the cities for they. D 29. One property of radioisotopes is that decaying occurs in half – lives over a long period of time. (a) they (b) them (c) they’re (d) their 30. Although Barney Clark lived only a few months with the A artificial heart doctors were able to learn a great deal from B him having used it. C D 31. Sports medicine experts agree that ice should be applied immediately when an athlete suffers an injury to leg. (a) its (b) an (c) the (d) his 32. According to the theory of natural selection, the man who was able to use the hands and feet most freely to walk and A B C grasp was the one who survived and evolved. D 33. Charlie Chaplin was a comedian was best known for his work in silent movies. (a) who (b) which (c) whose (d)what 34. Absolute zero, the temperature at whom all substances have A B zero thermal energy and thus, the lowest possible C temperatures, is unattainable in practice. D 35. In a parliamentary system, it is not the monarch but the prime minister (a) whom the real power (b) who has the real power (c) whom has the real power (d)who the real power 36. The pilgrims were 102 English emigrants whom, after A arriving on the Mayflower, became the first European B C D settlers in New England. 37. The jaw structure of a snake permits it to eat and digest animals much larger than (a) it (b) itself (c) its (d) it has 38. According to the Fifth Amendment to the U. S. A Constitution, no person should be compelled to be a witness B C against him own. D 39. Business partners can usually sell their mutually owned property without consulting unless they have agreed to a separate contract. (a) other (b) other one (c) one the other (d) each other 40. The twinkling lights of the firefly are signals so that the A B male and female of the species can find each to the other. C D 41. A desert receives less than twenty-five - of rainfall every year. (a) centimeter (b) a centimeter (c) centimeters (d) of centimeters 42. In 1950 it was naively predicted that eight or ten computer A B C would be sufficient to handle all of scientific and business D needs in the United States. 43. at 212 degrees F. and freezes at 32 degrees F. (a) water boil (b) the water boils (c) water boils (d) waters boils 44. The religion attempts to clarify mankind’s relationship with A B C a superhuman power. D 45. It is generally believed that an M. B. A. degree is good preparation for a career in (a) a business (b) business (c) businnesses (d) one business 46. A space is the last frontier for men to conquer. A B C D 47. Unemployment compensation is money to support an unemployed person while he or she is looking for -(a) job (b) a job (c) works (d) a work 48. It is believed that a people could live on Mars with little A B C life support because the atmosphere is similar to that of Earth. D 49. Fire – resistant materials are used to retard of modern aircraft in case of accidents. (a) a damage to the passenger cabin (b) that damages to the passenger cabin (c) damage to the passenger cabin (d) passenger cabin’s damages 50. A progress has been made toward finding a cure for AIDS. A B C D 51. Hybrids have one more - per plant than the other varieties. (a) corns (b)ear of corn (c) con ears (d) corn’s ears 52. A few tiles on Skylab were the only equipments that failed A B C to perform well in outer space. D 53. Sunspots are known to cause enormous increase in the intensity of the sun’s electro magnetic radiation. (a) an (b)a (c) some (d) one 54. Although almost all insects have six legs, a immature A B C insect may not have any. D 55. - of Country – Western singers may be related to old English ballads (a) the music (b) music (c) their music (d) musics 56. Philosophy of the ancient Greeks has been preserved in the A B scholarly writing of Western civilization. C D 57. is an ancient source of energy. (a) the wind (b) winds (c) wind (d) a wind 58. The soil is composed of a mixture of organic matter called A B C D humus and inorganic matter derived from rocks. 59. At Woolworth’s first five – ten –cents store, more than a dime. (a) neither items cost (b) items not cost (c) items none costing (d)no item cost 60. Some religions have none deity but are philosophers that A B C function instead of religions. D 61. One of of the late Middle Ages was Saint Thomas Aquinas, a scholar who studied under Albertus Magnus. (a) the thinkers who was great (b) the great thinker (c) the greatest thinkers (d) who thought greatly 62. One of the primary cause of accidents in coal mines is the A B C accumulation of gas. D 63. Although southern California is densely populated, live in the northern part of the state. (a) a little people (b) a few the people (c) few people (d) a little people 64. Unless one subscribes to a larger metropolitan newspaper A such as the Wall Street Journal, or the Washington Post, one B C will find very few news form abroad. D 65. Although the Ojibwa Indians fought frequently with Sioux, they didn’t have - with early white settlers. (a) much contact (b) lots contact (c) many contact (d) large contact 66. Many havey work that was once done by hand can now be A B C cone more easily with the help of compressed air. D 67. is currently available to researchers and physician who study and treat acromegaly, a glandular disorder characterized by enlargement and obesity. a) the little information (b) few information (c) little information (d)a few information 68. When there is a few money remaining after all expenses A B have been paid, we say that a small economic surplus or C profit has been created. D 69. can be grown on arid land. (a) only a few crops (b) only few crop (c) only a little crops (d) only little crop 70. Only a little early scien tists, among them Bacon, A B C Copernicus, and Bruno, believed that the principles D underlying the physical world could be discovered and understood through careful observation and analysis. 1. Only - of the breeds of cattle have been brought to the United States. (a) a small amount (b) a little amount (c) a small number (d) a little number 72. The amount of books in the Library of Congress is more A B C D than 58 million volumes. 73. There are three kinds of solar eclipse: one is total, another is annular, and (a) the another is partial (b) the partial is other (c) other is partial (d) the other is partial 74. One of the most popular major fields of study for foreign A scholars in the United States is business and the another is B C 75. Some plants are annuals, are biennial; and the rest are perennials. (a) some another (b) another (c) others (d) other 76. Technically, glass is a mineral and -. (a)water so (b)water is so (c)so is water (d)so water is 77. Some birds can travel at speeds approaching one hundred A miles an hour, and a few land animals can so. B C D 78. Although they are both grown in the United States and exported abroad, corn is not native to America and winter wheat -. (a)is neither (b)isn’t either (c)isn’t neither (d)is either 79. According to many educators, television should not A B become a replacement for good teachers, and neither are C D computers. 80. Bacterial sports germinate and sprout favorable conditions of temperature and food supply. (a)when encountering of (b) when they encounter (c)when they will encounter (d) when they encounter of 81. In most states insurance agents must pass an examination to A B be licensed when they will complete their training. C D 82. Recently, there have been several outbreaks of disease like egionnaire’s syndrome, and doctors don’t know (a) what is the cause (b)the cause is what (c)is what the cause (d) what the cause is 83. In Ground Control Approach, the air traffic controller A informs the pilot how far is the plane from the touchdown B C D point. 84. A symbol of the ancient competition, the Olympic flame burns - throughout the games. (a) in a continuous way (b) continues (c) continuously (d) continual 85. Although the â€Å"Lake Poets† Wordswo rth, Coleridge, and Southey were friends, they did not really form a group since A Southey’s style differed wide from that of the other two. B C D 86. When a woman becomes pregnant in life, she encounters additional risks in delivering a healthy baby. (a) lately (b)lateness (c) latest (d) late 87. Overseas telephone service has been expanding fastly since A B is inauguration in 1927 when a radio circuit was established C D between New York and London. 88. Penguins, the most highly specialized of all aquatic birds, may live - twenty years. (a)before (b) since (c)for (d) from 89. Because national statistics on crime have only been kept for 1930, it is not possible to make judgments about crime A B C during the early years of the nation. D 90. Of all the cities in Texas, -(a) that San Antonio is probably the most picturesque (b)San Antonio is probably the most picturesque (c)probably San Antonio the most picturesque (d) the most picturesque probably that San Antonio 91. Thunder that is audible from distance as far away as ten A B C miles. D 92. The Good Earth, , is a novel set in China. (a) which by Pearl Buck (b) which was written by Pearl Buck (c) was written by Pearl Buck (d) Pearl Buck being the one who wrote it. 93. Quasars, which relatively small objects, emit an enormous A B mount of energy. C D 94. Most beekeepers have observed - at the approach of a thunderstorm. (a) enraging the bees (b) that bees become enraged (c) that bees enraging (d) become enraged the bees. 95. Most modern observatories contain telescopes that A B scientists using as cameras to take photographs to remote C D galaxies. 96. Culture influences the way (a) viewing the world (b) that we view the world (c) the world view (d) is the view of the world 97. Of all the reference materials, the encyclopedia is the one A B that most people using. C D 98. The first transistor was basically a small chip made of germanium onto one surface of which two pointed wire contacts - side by side. (a) are made (b) made (c) were made (d) making 99. Because early balloons were at the mercy of shifting A B winds, they are not considered a practical means of C transportation until the 1850s. D 100. Ancient people believed that with a sun and a moon rotating around it. (a) the earth was the center of the universe (b) the earth is the center of the universe (c)the center of the universe is earth (d) the universe has earth at the center.

Shakespeares play othello demonstrates the weakness of human judgement Essays

Shakespeares play othello demonstrates the weakness of human judgement Essays Shakespeares play othello demonstrates the weakness of human judgement Essay Shakespeares play othello demonstrates the weakness of human judgement Essay a non-profit organization. Privacy policy Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Mobile view Wikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki

Critically discuss arguments for and against financial liberalisation Essay

Critically discuss arguments for and against financial liberalisation - Essay Example At this time, Korea also underwent significant demographic changes, where the majority of its population started residing in urban areas. While demonstrating the Korean changes Chang (1999, 31) used the term ‘compressed modernity,’ thus, aptly summarising these rapid changes. The high growth phase that lasted for almost four decades finally came crashing down in 1997, owing to the rippling effects of the Asian financial crisis that took place at around the same time in 1997- 98. After this episode, the Korean government brought in many financial changes, and while continuing with intensified financial market liberalization it followed the various recommendations given by the IMF with aims to improve the situation. Since the applications of these reforms, IMF had touted Korea’s macroeconomic recovery as being highly successful in nature. This is evident in a letter by the IMF’s Managing Director’s letter praising Korea's successful reforms which claim s, "the close cooperation between Korea and the IMF over the last few years has been exemplary and in many respects serves as a model for other countries" (News Brief No. 01/82, 2001). A majority of the researches on Korea’s recovery after the Asian crises, had attributed it to the polices of financial liberalisation and open markets. ... l interests at work, that are emulating and interacting constantly with each other, and was a result of reforms brought in by the Korean government that kept on changing, while also following the financial norms created by the former dictatorial regime. In this article, in view of the South Korean economy, studies will focus on the basic query as to whether financial liberalisation is actually the primary reason behind any country’s economy growth. Discussion What is financial liberalisation: Financial liberalization pertains to the adoptions of different measures in order to remove or lessen the stringent state regulatory mechanisms, which tend to control the functioning of the various financial institutions, and monitor the instrumental and agent activities within the various segments of the country’s economic market. These measures can be of two types, as regards a country’s internal or external regulations (Ghosh and Chandrasekhar, 2003). While working toward s internal financial liberalization, certain typical measures are followed, that may vary in certain degrees from country to country, as per the requirements, which are listed below (Ghosh, 2005, 2-4): A major step towards internal financial liberalisation includes elimination or alleviation in the controls on the return rates and interest rates, as are charged by the various operating financial agents, primarily the banks. However, the main central bank still continues to monitor and regulate the rate structures by its own functions in the liberal market economy and also through the process of adjusting the discount rates, offered by the other financial institutions. in an economy that operates under financial liberalisation the ‘interest rate ceilings’ are very often removed, thus allowing stiff

Final Exam Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Final Exam - Coursework Example Since the northern states had more private wealth of their own, the southern government had to borrow money from them and help restore their economy (Knowles & Healey, 2006). By the time the civil war was coming to an end, the value of the Confederate dollar had really dropped in comparison to the Union money. Life became so expensive in the south and people started starving due the inflation of the price of even basic needs including food commodities. Slavery was also legalized with most slaves being African Americans who worked nonstop in their employers’ cotton. With the slaves no longer available, it meant that no more cotton was being produced hence no income from it (Harris, 2008). In the political realm, southern leaders came back to the Washington capital and the federal government controlled each of the southern sates one by one. Abraham Lincoln initialized strategic plans for reconstructing the southern states. In the year 1865, he introduced a bureau that gave the once slaves a right to get educated, be employed with better jobs and get good healthcare. An amendment was also introduced that totally did away with the once legalized slavery. On my own individual account, I would have liked to live from the years 1866 onwards due to the good leadership implemented by Lincoln because there were job opportunities, good healthcare facilities and also the southern and northern states were united (Gillman, 2002). In the 20th century, the U.S historical course changed whereby a great industrial revolution took place, to the extent of becoming the best in the world in terms of industrial management and output. Availability of land, labour, natural resources, capital and good transport networks lead to production and transport of many goods and services that increased the annual income of the citizens after the previous inflation. The present-day America has got large and

Discuss Critically the Implications of Whistleblowing for Essay

Discuss Critically the Implications of Whistleblowing for Accountability, and Raising and Escalating Concerns - Essay Example 110). The secret filming agency also revealed that disabled patients were exposed to a lot of mental and physical torture. This is attributed to the fact that they are in most cases ignored or mistreated when they attend healthcare centers (Jeffrey, 2009, p. 24). Whistle blowing is not easy task as many would think because it puts ones career and reputation on the line. Whistle blowers who advocate for better medical care for patients who have demanding needs are in most cases scared of the attitudes their colleagues. In most cases, their colleagues are not in support of their actions (Killion & Dempski, 2006, p. 122). Alerting the society about the needs of patients is crucial and very important. However, this has to be done with extreme care so as to avoid raising false alarms. There should be careful analysis of situations in order to get comprehensive information about the situation. This helps in making sure that the raised concerns are adequately and appropriately addressed. He alth care workers and practitioners are not regulated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (Lewis, 2001, p. 299). The organization however does its best to ensure that it passes the right information relating to how patients can be handled in a careful and respectful manner. Nurses are well trained on matters relating to duty and are encouraged to put first the interests and concerns of patients. They are also supposed to ensure that patients are adequately protected from all manner of risks (Lippincott & Wilkins, 2002, p. 110). The Nursing and Midwifery Council has produced various publications that offer guidance to health practitioners regarding their roles and duties. For instance, in their publication, ‘Raising and escalating concerns’ they gave a number of tips on how healthcare practitioners can improve their service delivery. They noted that healthcare practitioners have the duty of acting responsibly should they feel that a colleague may be putting a pati ent's life at risk in the course of delivering medication (Vandekerckhove, 2006, p. 255). Practitioners have also been empowered to seek assistance from respective authorities should there be a problem that could hinder effective service delivery. The hospitals environments are supposed to avail maximum comfort to the sick ill and also be able to assure them of an improvement in their health (White, 2005, p. 100). Governments in developed countries have laws that protect whistle blowers. A perfect example is the enactment of the interest disclosure act of nineteen ninety-eight (Lewis, 2001, p. 300). The law was put in place to protect workers from victimization once they air out issues concerning professional malpractices. The act covers workers who expose genuine concerns regarding their employers or colleagues (Vandekerckhove, 2006, p. 221). Appropriate procedures must be observed when raising concerns about specific issues. Firstly, the issues being raised should be valid and law ful. They should be raised for public interest rather than personal interests (Lippincott & Wilkins, 2002, p. 129). Once issues are raised, relevant authorities make a follow up to ensure that there is fairness and transparency in addressing the raised concerns (Boatright, 2009, p. 99). Service delivery in a public institution should always reflect

Exploitation of Workers in Developing Countries

Exploitation of Workers in Developing Countries Since the time, plans were being made to implement free trade we were guaranteed it would be a win/win situation.This was one of the very important step for the pioneering of Globalization. First world consumers, manufacturers,industrialists, farmers, laborers everyone would benefit. Not only the first world countries, the whole world would benefit. It would pull the developing world up because there would be plenty of good, well-paid jobs that would be created . When borders opened to the free flow of goods and services, consumers would have more variety, and at cheper prices. Even agricultural goods could move around the world to new markets, sluggish farm prices would also rise. The farmers in developing countries would now have new markets for their goods, and they would bow out of piteous poverty.It seems like the perfect idea and sounds great too, doesnt it? But like most things that sounded too good to be true, it quiet was. The American/British/European workers who had jobs that paid pretty well in the scheme of things found that their employers could clear up the factories and move to a country where the workers werent so well paid. A country where there are no tariffs, so goods could be shipped back into the First world countries and sold, often cheaper than when they were made in the rich countries. Not only was labor cheaper, but environmental laws were generally more lenient in, say, Mexico, India or China. The companies could use child labor too and there were no laws forcing a 40-hour workweek.Drive your workers to the point of exhaustion and pay them as little as possible. If they complain, replace them-This is the formula adopted by all the third world factory bosses for success. All the consumers care for is low prices from their favorite clothing stores and supermarkets. So is this what Globalization called for ? To exploit the labour in third would countries all for the benefit of the rich countries like America , Europe,etc.Consumers in th e first world countries found goods were economical when they were made overseas. The foreign workers did not have the high-paying jobs as promised. They had poverty-wage jobs and the sweatshop was back. They were under paid and working in poor conditions with masses of eager workers waiting in line for them to quit. My argument in the essay is How Globalization has resulted in Labour Exploitation and Child Labour in many third world countries. An International Confederation of Free Trade Unions report said, MULTINATIONAL corporations remained the main beneficiaries of globalisation as more than 1,3-billion people around the world lived on less than $1 a day.(Globalisation: the plight of billions stressed ,By Reneà © Grawitzky, Business Day, 30 March 2000) The widening inequalities should be addressed as part of a broader strategy by unions in dealing with the effects of globalisation. What does globalization mean to working people? Ask a member of UNITE and shell talk about the thousands of good paying jobs that were taken overseas. Talk to the young woman in Bangladesh who gets 20 cents for making a shirt that sells for $30 at The Gap. Ask the 14- to 16-year-old women in Central America who are forced to swallow birth control pills in front of their bosses so the company can keep them on the job, since it doesnt pay for health care. Ask the laid-off steelworker about the foreign imports, made by U.S. corporations abroad and exported to the U.S. because they make more profits. Or ask Iqbal Masih, the 12-year-old rug maker from Pakistan who was enslaved from age 4 and forced to learn a trade. (What globalization means to working people, John Gallo, Peoples Weekly World, 20 April 2002) .What is the reason for all this wretchedness ? Everywhere, the lives of working people are degenerating. If theyre not working from dawn to dusk,Slogging all day, for not enough to live on, they are made dispossessed and being bombed. Is it due to globalization, or greed, or laziness? Or is there something more fundamental, something less obvious, behind the worlds current problems.(What globalization means to working people, John Gallo, Peoples Weekly World, 20 April 2002). In the name of competition, employers try to produce cheaply in bulk and sell larger volumes. One way to put together cheaper labour and still make greater profits is by keeping salaries as low as possible -by any means necessary. Since all wealth is produced by human labor, the fruits of that labor, or value, go either to the workers or the owners. The less workers get, the more the owners get. That accounts for the long, brutal history workers have faced when trying to form unions or improve their livelihood. (What globalization means to working people, John Gallo, Peoples Weekly World, 20 April 2002) The third world Countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, India and Brazil have become more capitalized. The small farmers in these countries now work in factories and mills. They have become workers and in a number of ways find themselves similar to U.S. workers 70 years ago. As poor as they had been, these new workers now have less. They are concerned in trying to form unions to fight to improve their wages and working conditions.They are no more cut off in their country and continue to making ties of solidarity with their fellowmen all over the world. They are the workers who will change the face and the power of the working p eople in the world. Globalization has impulsed a number of interrelated concerns with respect to its social repercussions. The impact on labour employment, income distribution and labour standards are some of the issues included. Global competition has led to job losses or flexible job arrangements in many countries. Compared to the regular jobs these are often less secure and provide fewer social benefits. Economies all across the globe are more volatile now because of short term capital movements. This has resulted in severe economic and financial crises that further leads to unemployment and poverty. All these have created a sense of diffidence among workers and created resistance to globalization from various quarters. A well designed system for social protection is critical for long term growth prospects in open economies. The extent of social protection remains low in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In terms of social protection, there are increasingly unpredictable and fragmented employment relat ionships that lead to more and more workers not being covered by cash sickness benefits. There has been establishment of global labour standards by organizations like International Labour Organization (ILO) which work to promote rights at work, enhance social protection and encourage decent employment opportunities. But can these regulations actually improve lives of workers in LDCs? Will the anti sweatshop campaigns raise labour standards ? Will WTOs imposing trade sanctions on countries that violate standards actually help ? With economic globalization accelerating in the past few decades these questions have just got more complex and controversial. Trade and investments may not be the best way to pull up and help workers in poor countries. Labour standards and free trade are interdependent rather than competing ways to improve welfare. Unions based in first world countries play a eminent role in the dispute over globalization and labour standards whereas workers in LDCs are rarely heard from. The cause for this gap is that these poor countries, mainly those with non d emocratic governments, do not provide the necessary freedom of association or the legal protections for collective bargaining. If the workers from poor countries had been given little opportunities to protect their own interests and voice their concerns, there would be less need for activists from advanced countries to intercede on their behalf. International labour mobility has also increased due to globalization and the growing economic interdependence of states. This has also resulted in the deregulation and exploitation of labour migration. Even the migrant workmen are devoid of legal protection in the foreign countries. Even though many states have put down strict barriers on the legal entry of labour migrants, there are still a large number of irregular and illegal migrants working in low paid sectors lacking the benefits of a national worker. Most of todays migration presents characteristics that converge with concerns for labor migration policy. In short, most permanent immigrants and refugees as well as migrant workers seek remunerative activity, participate in the labor force, and face discrimination and xenophobia directed at foreigners in host countries. (Globalization, Labor and Migration :Protection is paramount, Patrick Taran Eduardo Geronimi , 22 november 2002) The LDCs face serious social and economic dislo cation associated with persistent poverty, growing unemployment, loss of traditional trading patterns, and what has been termed a growing crisis of economic security. (Globalization,Labor and Migration :Protection is paramount, Patrick Taran Eduardo Geronimi , 22 november 2002) The concerns will only increase because since 1975 the figures have only been doubling, from a 75 million in 1975 to 150 million in 2000, these figures represent the migrants living outside their home countries. The other issue in this article that needs to be focussed on is Child labour in light of Globalization. Apart from labour exploitation, Child labour is a serious concern for the consequence of Globalization. It is a grave and extensive problem in LDCs today. It was revealed in a very recent International Labour Organization (ILO) report (ILO, 2006) that approximately 166 million children in the age group of 5 14 years were classified as child laborers in 2004. That accounts for 14% of all children in that age group. These children are engaged in precarious work which adversely affects their growth, moral development and health. They are concentrated mainly in the developing countries. More than half of these children were from the Asian pacific region . The others being from Latin America and Sub saharan Africa.They work in the carpet marking factories, pornography, glass blowing, fireworks, prostitution,etc. Child labour came under the limelight in the 1990s when the campaigns were started by industrialized worlds on why such large number of children were working when they should be gaining knowledge. In November of 2000, ten children earning around $11 per month burned to death in a garment factory in Bangladesh. The exits from the factory were chained shut. Images of children chained into factories, sold as slaves, or forced into prostitution stain the popular imagination about child labor. Fortunately, while many children work in the developing world, relatively few experience such atrocities.(Globalization and the Economics of Child Labor, Eric V. Edmonds,n.d) Of course the world organizations like UNICEF, ILO and governments initiated policies to check child labour globally. But did it help enough is the big question ? Globalization increases employment opportunities specially in developing countries due to the rapid increase in foreign investment. This therefore surges the demand for local labour and higher wages. These changes in the developing economies springing from globalization could further lead to child labour due to earning opportunities. To illustrate how trade policy and globalization can have an affect on child labour, I would like to take Vietnam as an example on how its increase in the price of rice led to a decline in child labour. Vietnam restricted its exports of rice starting in 1989. These quotas suppressed the domestic price of rice. Between 1993 and 1997, Vietnam gradually relaxed this export quota so that by 1998, Vietnam was completely exposed to the international price of rice. During this period of liberalization, the price of rice increased by 30% relative to the rise in the consumer price index. Rice is an important commodity in Vietnam. It is the primary staple in the V ietnamese diet, the largest single component of household expenditure, and 70% of households produce rice. Moreover, in 1993, before the liberalization of rice prices in Vietnam, 26% of children between 6 and 15 worked in rice production in Vietnam, and rice production was far and away the largest employer of adults. Thus, rice price increases should affect both children and adults.The study finds that rice price increases can account for 45% of the overall decline in child labor that Vietnam experienced in the 1990s. This corresponds to approximately 1 million fewer working children in Vietnam. (Globalization and the Economics of Child Labor, Eric V. Edmonds ,n.d) In India child labour has become an accepted practice. It is believed to be a necessity to overcome poverty. The carpet industry, for example pays these children extremely low wages since adults refuse to do these jobs. Even MNCs exploit child labour in poor countries. Nike is accused of using child labour in countries like pakistan, india, bangladesh, china, etc. These children were all in the age group of 4-5 years. More than 200 children were involved in each production processes. The Nike soccer balls in Pakistan are accused to be stained with the harsh truth of child labour. More than half of the soccer ball production is done in Pakistan and every step of its production has child labour involved. So is a reputed company like Nike helping or exploiting these developing countries? In china, the members of a chinese minority group mainly young girls aged 15-18 were employed in the Longfa Shoe factory in the Guangdong province. Longfa Shoe factory supplies Nike , Inc. These compani es get down to the extent of illegally swapping IDs, making fake birth certificates, illegal migration, etc. Even the chocolate industry is accused of using child labour. In Cà ´te dIvoire,West Africa thousands of children are forced to labour in the production of cocoa. Even the well established companies like Puma, Wal-Mart, Hanes are believed to use child labour. Allegations were made against Harvest Rich factory in Bangladesh, which is a contract supplier to these US and European companies. Young children were found sewing clothes for these companies. There were at least 200 children involved, some as young as 11 years. These children work upto almost 12 hours a day. They were reported to be beaten, slapped and forced to work for 19-20 hours sometimes. They get horribly low wages which could be as low as 6.5 cents per hour. The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company is operating the worlds largest rubber plantation in Harbel, Liberia for the last 80 years. They exploit labour and al so use child labour. The rubber tappers are forced to bring their wives and children, they use toxic pesticides without protection. The children are forced to carry about 70-80 pound buckets of rubber on their shoulders for miles. These laborers live in shacks which exist since 1920s. All these cases, which are just a few to illustrate, include big companies from the developed countries who use child labour only to their benefits. Is this what globalization has called for?

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Victims, Bullies and Bully-Vict

Conceptual Framework Many people have different views on what they think bullying might be. It is often interpreted in different ways by different people. Rigby et al (2002) cited a definition of bullying as ‘an intentional harm where the power is differential between the bully and the victim’ (p.1). This meant that the bullies are likely to suffer from a range of problems than the children who are uninvolved. The researcher’s main assumption is to consider victimisation and bullying separately and secondly to consider victimisation and bullying simultaneously to examine the genetics and environmental influences on the covariation between the two. The paper focuses on three groups of children that are involved in bullying. The three groups are as follows: one being the victim, two being the bullies and third one being the bully victims who are both the bullies and the victims of bullying. According to Egan and Perry, (1998) they believe that the bullies and victims have an increase in emotional and behavioural problems than the children who are not involved in bullying. One of this problem being is low self regard where as Hawker et al (2006) stated the problems are anxiety and depression where as Schwartz (2000) stated that the bullying victims are more depressed and anxious and have higher rates of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and are more likely to be referred for psychiatric care and also are more likely to be rejected by a school (Kempulainen et al 1998) compared to the children who are uninvolved in bullying, the victims or bullies. Hawker and Egan et al both have similar views as they both sta ted that the bullying victims are depressed and anxious. Various studies have been car... ...ousehold income. Overall it has been proved that bullying was influenced by genetic factors and to a small extent by non shared environmental factors. Patterson et al (1992) suggested that socialisation via parenting and peers (Harris, 1998) contribute to share and non-shared environmental influences on aggressive behaviour. The correlation between victimisation and bullying indicated that fewer children are the bully-victims while more are ‘pure’ victims or ‘pure’ bullies. This confirms earlier research that has been carried out has found a similar correlation between victimisation and aggression (Hodges and Perry, (1999); Crick and Bigbee, (1998). The correlation was seen as high in girls as in boys between the victimisation and bullying. This concludes that the chances of being a bully given to that one victim are just as high for girls as for boys.

Obesity Amongst Mexican Children Essay

Abstract: The prevalence of overweight children in the United States of Mexican descent is higher for second generation than their first generation counterparts. First generation immigrants tend to keep a healthier lifestyle by consuming more fresh fruits and vegetables, walking longer distances and smoking less than the more acculturated Mexican-Americans. Acculturation is a major contributing factor for the alarming rates of obesity within Mexican children. When children of Mexican immigrants are exposed to American society, they develop unhealthy habits such as eating pizza and hot dogs during school lunch hours, access to vending machines, and media exposure where they are constantly bombarded with food related commercials of unhealthy nature. A lower socio-economic status, such as the recently immigrated parents, is also a contributing factor for obesity within Mexican children. High calorie and high fat content foods tend to be less expensive than fresh fruits and fresh vegetables, leading to poorer, unhealthier choices. Fast food chains are prohibitory expensive in Mexico, whereas in the US they are not. As young Mexican children develop their sense of identity while they separate from their parents or caregivers and seek acceptance from their American peers, they integrate themselves into the fast food culture leading to obesity amongst Mexican-American children of second generation in the US. The incidence of obesity in Mexican adults has increased markedly over the years. Data from the 1993 National Survey of Chronic Diseases (Encuesta Nacional de Enfermedades Cronicas) showed an obesity prevalence of 21. 5%. The 2000 National Health Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Salud) indicated that 24% of adults suffered obesity. Data from the 2006 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2006) revealed that 30% of adults of both sexes were obese. (Rojas,R, Aguilar-Salinas, C. , Jimenez, A. , Gomez, F. , Barquera, S. , 2012, p. 8) In the last two decades, the prevalence of childhood obesity, defined as at or above the 95th percentile of body mass index (BMI) for age and gender (Center for Disease Control, 2009), has more than doubled among children aged 6–11 years and tripled among adolescents aged 12–19 years, and here is no evidence that this trend is coming to an end (Ogden, 2002). This is a serious public health concern because obese children and adolescents are at an increased risk for various physical, mental, and emotional health problems, including impaired glucose tolerance , insulin resistance, atherosclerosis , coronary heart disease in adulthood , development of eating disorders, and low self-esteem (Seo, D. & Sa, J. , 2009). The obesity epidemic disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minority children, who are defined as American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian American, Black, African American, Hispanic, Latino, Native Hawaiian, or OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 3 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? other Pacific Islander (CDC, 2009). According to estimates based on the 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), among children aged 6–19 years, 22. 2% of Mexican American children and 20. 5% of non-Hispanic Blacks were obese as compared with only 13. 6% of non-Hispanic whites. Other studies performed by Ogden and colleagues (2002) also affirm a larger prevalence of obesity among Mexican American and Black children compared with white children. These rates of obesity are far from the 2010 national health objective of Healthy People 2010. The higher incidence of obesity among minority children is alarming because these racial/ethnic groups have a lower insulin sensitivity than white children (Seo, D, & Sa, J. 2009). Obesity is an epidemic facing millions of people across the globe, resulting in more than 300,000 deaths in the United States alone (Dishman, 2004). Historically, the majority of people affected by obesity were adults. However, in the last decade this epidemic has spread to our youth. Excess weight in U. S. children has increased in prevalence and has become a serious public health concern. Currently, about 33% of children ages 2–5 in the U. S. are overweight (BMI in the 85th percentile or above), and 12% are considered obese (BMI in the 95th percentile or above) (CDC, 2009). Overweight children have a 70–80% chance of becoming overweight or obese adults, which may lead to an increase in obesity related disease among adults (United States Department of Human Health and Services, 2007). Obesity is one of the leading risk factors for disease and fatal health conditions, such as hypertension, type II diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, and some cancers (CDC, 2009). Not only is obesity linked to clinical conditions, but it may also lead to mental health problems such as self-blame and low self-esteem ( Haboush, A., Phebus, T. , Tanata Ashby, D. , Zaikina-Montgomery, H. , & Kindig, K. , 2011). This paper will focus on the contributing factors for the alarming obesity rates amongst Mexican children. Are second generation Mexican children more prone to obesity than their first generation counterparts? Mexican immigrant parents usually don’t view obesity as a threatening health issue. In fact, some research reports that Mexican mothers see childhood obesity as a sign of good heath (Rosas et al. ) and thinness as a sigh of illness (Sosa, 2012). Acculturation, or the process of adjusting to a new culture, describes social, psychological, and behavioral changes that an individual undergoes as result of immigration (Buttenheim, A. , Pebley, A. , Hsih, K. , Chung, C. , Goldman, N. , 2012). The drastic changes in lifestyle and social interactions that immigrants encounter upon arriving to the United States often put them at risk for negative health consequences (Ogden et al. , 2009). Of the negative health outcomes associated with OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 4 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS?acculturation in Mexican children, obesity is significant because it has implications for development of chronic diseases such as heart disease and Type II Diabetes (CDC, 2009). Mexican children are at increased risk for obesity upon immigration to the United States and are predisposed to development of chronic diseases,(Buscemi, J. , Beech, B. , & Relyea, G. , 2011). Mexican American mothers’ views on obesity, 40% of mothers with overweight children did not identify overweight as a health issue (Ariza et al. , 2004). When weight was used as an indicator of health, parents were more concerned with the health of skinny children than overweight children. Mexican American mothers were concerned with having thin children because a thin child could become sick and die (Small, L. , Melnyk, B. , Anderson-Gifford, D. , & Hampl, J. 2009). A second and less studied mechanism linking nativity of US immigrants to obesity risk is the interconnectedness of the food environment and migration dynamics in the sending country (Buttenheim et al. , 2012). This is particularly relevant in the case of obesity risk for Mexican-origin children in the US, given the large, circular migration flows between the two countries and the well-documented nutrition transition underway in Mexico (Popkin & Udry, 1998). This transition is characterized by a shift from unprocessed and low energy density diets to highly processed, energy dense foods. The transition is due in part to new food marketing strategies and a simultaneous decrease in physical activity that has accompanied urbanization and economic development in Mexico (Popkin &Udry, 1998). Mexico’s nutrition transition has been notably rapid: Mexico now has the second highest rates of adult obesity among OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries (after the US) (Rosas, 2011). A potential explanation for the increased obesity rates within the Mexican immigrants in the US is acculturative stress (Van Hook et al. , 2011). Mexican-origin immigrants, are often faced with discrimination based on race/ethnicity and immigrant status. This discrimination, in turn, leads to chronic stress and psycho-physiological stress responses, which are known to affect health over the long run . Thus, the process of integration into a society that views Mexican-origin immigrants as being of lower status than other social and racial/ethnic groups may itself result in chronic health problems, even if health behaviors remain constant over time and across immigrant generation. Why would duration of time in the US and immigrant generation affect obesity? The acculturation literature has emphasized the importance of dietary changes by duration in the US and across generation: increased acculturation is hypothesized to lead to decreased consumption of healthy foods and increased consumption of processed high OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 5 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? fat/sugar foods. Gordon-Larsen et al. (2003) reported that first generation Mexican immigrant adolescents eat more rice, beans, fruit, and vegetables and less cheese and fast food than second generation Mexican-origin immigrants. Kaiser and colleagues (2007) say that acculturation seems to be a contributing factor for obesity amongst Mexican children. Acculturation can be defined as the process by which immigrants adopt the attitudes, values, customs, beliefs, and behaviors of a new culture. Two studies reported their findings on acculturation and potential implications on the nutritional status of Mexican American children. Kaiser and colleagues (2007) concluded that less acculturated mothers were more likely to provide alternate food choices when a child would not eat and use child-feeding strategies that may contribute to childhood overweight, such as bribes, threats, and punishment. Ariza, Chen, Binns, and Christoffel (2004) conducted a study to test their hypothesis that overweight was more prevalent in highly acculturated Mexican American children aged 5 to 6 years; however, the results did not substantiate an association between overweight and acculturation in this population. Duerksen and colleagues (2007) reported that increased levels of acculturation may lead to higher rates of overweight among Mexican American families if they were eating more meals at fast-food and buffet-style restaurants rather than selecting traditional, authentic Mexican restaurants. Studies indicated that less acculturated Mexican Americans consumed less fat, and more fiber, protein, vitamins A, C, E and B6, folate, calcium, potassium, and magnesium than their more acculturated counterparts (Rosas et al. 2011). Most research conducted across age groups and outcomes indicates that newly-arrived and less acculturated immigrants are healthier and live longer than natives. Unfortunately, this health advantage dissipates with duration of U. S. residence and does not extend to the next generation. In addition to the influence of parents’ acculturation on children’s behaviors, children can accelerate the acculturation process for their families as well because children are more likely to have a consistent exposure to typical American foods at school and likely to affect purchasing decisions of their parents. One of the biggest changes in children’s diets after moving to the United States has been suggested to be with the foods children consume at school. It has been reported that although Mexican American children liked the traditional ethnic foods they received at home, they preferred the American foods they were served at school (e.g. , pizza, hamburgers) (Rosas et al. 2011). Furthermore, there seemed to be a lack of awareness among children about the healthfulness of traditional Mexican foods (such as fruits, vegetables, and beans) or potential health risks of the typical American diet, which was perceived as pizza, hotdogs, hamburgers, and French fries. As children develop their own self and ethnic identities, they may seek separation from their parents and acceptance from their peers, and they may identify fast food and other less healthful food options with the United States culture. This can eventually lead to less healthful dietary patterns both for children and their families because children are likely to affect food-purchasing OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 6 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? decisions in their households (Rosas et al. 2011). When looking into the influence of acculturation on food intake behaviors among children and youths, another important element of the social environment must be addressed: media exposure. Media exposure can have detrimental influences at both ends of the spectrum in terms of eating behaviors: children may adopt an unrealistically thin body image through exposure to popular culture, and unhealthy dieting practices or eating disorders may follow. Alternatively, they may increase their consumption of nutrient-poor, energy-dense foods that they are exposed to through advertisements, and this type of behavior may eventually lead to overweight status. There have been some initiatives to limit food marketing aiming at children, but nutritionally poor and energy dense foods (e.g. , high sugar cereals, candy, soft drinks, chips) still constitute the majority of the foods advertised on television (Kunkel et al. 2009). Several reports indicate that children choose advertised foods at significantly higher rates and attempt to influence their parents to purchase these foods. Unfortunately, advertisement of the nutritionally inferior food choices is not limited to television only; it is widespread through a variety of channels such as schools (vending machines, corporate sponsorship of school events and materials, etc. ), and online applications(e.g. , interactive games, sweepstakes, computer screensavers). Media exposure among children has been increasing over the past 10 years, and according to the 2009 estimates (Kunkel et al. 2009). American children spend about 7. 4 hours per day using or watching media such as television, computers, video games or movies. These estimates seem to be even higher among minorities) and individuals with lower socio economical status( SES) (Sussner et al. 2009). Hispanic youths were reported to spend about 5. 5 hours per day watching television while this estimate was 3. 5 hours per day for non-Hispanic whites in 2009. Moreover, screen time seems to increase with greater acculturation (Gordon-Larsen et al. 2003). The data from the 2003–04 National Survey of Children’s Health indicated that, in comparison to U. S. -born non-Hispanic white children with U. S. -born parents, foreign-born Hispanic children with immigrant parents were 31 percent more likely and U. S. -born Hispanic children with U. S. -born parents were 51 percent more likely to watch television. Although foreign-born Hispanics seem to be less likely to consume less healthful foods (Osypuk et al.2009), a reverse trend can be seen if these foods are more expensive in the country of origin but cheaper in the United States. For example, qualitative studies indicated that lower cost and increased availability were among the reasons for Mexican Americans to consume snacks, sweets, and fast food more in the United States . An earlier report pointed out that some foods, such as mayonnaise, margarine, and salad dressing were considered high-status items by many low-income families in Latin America (Romero-Gwynn et al. 1993). Similarly, Mexican adults living in Florida reported that in addition to fast food not being as readily available in their native country, it was more expensive than in the United States and therefore, they tended to eat fast food only for special occasions in their native OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 7 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? country. Once these types of foods become more readily available and affordable for the immigrants in the United States, an increase in the consumption levels would be expected. Lower costs, widespread availability, and the convenience of fast food in the United States appear to be an enticing solution especially for time-strapped immigrant families with children (Lindsay et al. 2009). Qualitative studies among immigrants suggest a more relaxed lifestyle in Mexico versus a very busy lifestyle in the United States that leaves less time to cook or prepare foods. This type of lifestyle makes convenience foods very appealing, and it is likely to result in an increase in fast food consumption (Gray et al. 2005). In addition to the economic conditions related to the food environment, limited socioeconomic abilities of individuals also put immigrants at greater risk for unhealthy food intake patterns and entailing health issues. Higher rates of food insecurity and low SES among minorities and immigrants are likely to force individuals to purchase relatively cheaper and filling, but often nutrient-poor, energy-dense foods (Drewnowski and Darmon 2005). A binational study that was conducted in the United States and Mexico provided support for these eating patterns, and it also pointed out the country- or culture-specific variations in these associations. In the United States sample of this study, children with food insecurity were more likely to consume fat, saturated fat, sweets, and fried snacks compared to their food secure counterparts. In Mexico, however, food insecure (versus food secure) children displayed a different food intake pattern that was characterized by higher intakes of carbohydrates, dairy, and vitamin B6 (Rosas et al. 2009). One of the least studied aspects of the relationship between socioeconomic factors and food intake is the residential context and demographic makeup of the neighborhoods. One of the few studies that examined this context in a mostly Hispanic (but mixed ethnic) sample suggested that greater density of immigrants in residential areas was positively related to fruit and vegetable intake after controlling for individual factors such as age, race/ethnicity, language, country of birth, and education (Dubowitz et al. 2008). Another study also reported that high-fat/processed food intake (fats, oils, processed meats, fried potatoes, salty snacks, desserts) was lower in immigrant-dense neighborhoods even after controlling for SES, demographic factors, and acculturation (Rosas et al.2011). These results indicate beneficial dietary intake patterns for all residents (immigrant or not) residing in that area. Some of the potential factors underlying these results could be resulting from socioeconomic advantages through greater social capital, availability of stores with healthier ethnic food options, and higher consumption of healthier food intake habits, social norms, and values in the ethnically dense neighborhoods (Dubowitz et al. 2008). OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 8 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? Highly acculturated Hispanic adults were more likely to have higher BMIs than their less acculturated counterparts. Similarly, second or third generation Hispanic youths were reported to be more likely overweight than their first generation counterparts (Popkin and Udry 1998). For adults, the difference in the overweight status by acculturation seems to be seen usually in a range of 10 to 21 years of residence in the United States, but interestingly, BMI differences were detectable by age two among less acculturated mothers’ children in a mostly Hispanic sample (Sussner et al. 2009). Some of the mechanisms underlying these findings could be the existence of cultural beliefs that associate overweight status among children with perception of good health (Sussner et al. 2009), failing to recognize overweight status, or acceptance of a larger body size as a desirable body image among Hispanics. Taken together, these cultural preferences can lead to obesity over time with the additional contribution of the typical environment in the United States that stimulates consumption of energy-dense foods and discourages physical activities. Certain food intake patterns (e. g., energy-dense foods) can lead to overweight or obese status as people acculturate. Although a factor analysis of nationally representative data from the NHANES 2001–02 did not indicate a specific dietary intake pattern in relationship to BMI or waist circumference (as measures of overall or central adiposity) among Mexican Americans (Carrera et al. 2007), it is possible that dietary intake might be related to obesity indirectly, or collectively with other lifestyle factors (e. g. , physical activity). It is also possible that the effects might be most pronounced at specific time periods during acculturation. Supporting this potential mechanism is the results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health indicating that increased probability of overweight, which was related to changes in lifestyle factors (i. e. , screen time, diet), was detectable among first generation Mexican adolescents but not among second (or more) generation participants (Gordon-Larsen et al. 2003). Although social economic status (SES) is also linked to obesity, this association seems to vary depending on the SES measures used and also by race or ethnicity. For example, in a nationally representative sample of children, both education and income were negatively related to BMI among non-Hispanic whites, but only income was positively related to BMI among Hispanics (Balistreri and Van Hook 2009). As suggested by the authors, increasing education level may be a reflection of changes in knowledge, learning abilities, social class, and personal skills while higher income among immigrants might be an indicator of greater purchasing capacity, which can result in less healthful eating patterns in the absence of adequate nutrition knowledge, skills, and a healthful food environment. SES also seems to have gender-specific and long-term consequences. Data from a nationally representative longitudinal survey among adolescents indicated that there was a strong positive association between long-term (persistent) low SES and obesity among females. Among males, however, obesity rates were highest among those who had a socioeconomically disadvantaged beginning but gained autonomy, for example, home ownership later on. Most importantly, the report pointed out that the effect of SES on OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 9 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS?obesity was probably initiated before adolescence (Scharoun-Lee et al. 2009). Conclusion: The research has shown that second generation Mexican children are in fact more prone to obesity than their first generation counterparts. Causative factors such as media exposure, school lunch programs, socio-economic factors, and the influence of parents’ own acculturation into American society are all factors that can be addressed through various means with legislative, policy changes, and education. Then we can begin to affect positively the rising trend of obesity in second generation Mexican children in the United States. OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN: ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 10 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? References: Abraido-Lanza, A. , White, K. , Vasques, E. (2004)Immigrant populations and health. In: Anderson N, editor. Encyclopedia of health and behavior. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 2004. p. 533–537. Ariza, A. J. , Chen, E. H. , Binns, H. J. , & Christoffel, K. K. (2004). Risk factors for overweight in 5 – to 6-year old Hispanic American children: A pilot study. Journal of Urban Heath, 81 (1), 150-161. Balistreri, K. , & Van Hook, J. (2007). 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Congress and the Articles of Confederation essays

Congress and the Articles of Confederation essays The desire for no central government during the time of declaring our independence from Britain and dissolving the rule of George III over the American colonies lead a constitution known as the Articles of Confederation. Many events leading up to the Articles left the colonist weary about the transfer of power from one tyrant to another. To avoid control of a central government, the articles of confederation allowed the majority of the power to remain with the states and left the central government with very little to no control. The central government was unable to build an army. For instance, Article VII states that when land forces are raised by any state for the common defense, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature of each state respectively by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such state shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the state which first made the appointment. So, while the Second Continental Congress was able to appoint a person to head a military force, no state was made required to contribute forces. Congress could not raise an army to deal with military situations. Another major problem was money. The Congress was unable to tax the state and could only ask for those states to freely contribute and donate to the central government. Because of this, the government was unable to pay loans owed to people, businesses, and countries that had supported them in separating from Britain. Not only did the confederation not have any money, the colonist had several forms of currency and paper money that was not worth very much, and while the confederation could print its currency, it did not have the silver and gold to back it up. The government was broke. One more problem that the articles of confederation failed to consider was a national court system Issues between states were sometimes impossible to resolve or enforce, and although the...

Planning and decision making in management

Planning and decision making in management Planning and decision making are among the most valuable foundations on which businesses and organizations are built. For any organization to succeed in its undertaking, it needs to properly plan for virtually all aspects of its operations. The right decisions have to be made by its managers to see the business through successful operations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Planning and decision making in management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the success of managers is reflected by the welfare of the organizations they manage, it is indubitable that planning and decision making cannot be separated from the practice of management. This paper is a thoughtful reflection of the usefulness of planning and decision making skills, acquired in class, in the practice of management. As an aspiring manager, the ideas I acquired about planning and decision making in organizations will be very useful. This is because t he topic was covered with clear explanations of the usefulness of planning and management in management and it also covered how one can plan well and make right and acceptable decisions. Among the things that will be particularly useful in my life as a manager is the idea that planning and decision making is efficiently done using a bottom-up approach. This is because the use of a bottom-up approach in planning and making of decisions results in decisions that are characterized by sufficient consultation. More importantly, the decisions made using a bottom-up approach are in most cases acceptable to both managers and junior employees (Smith 33). Other issues covered in the topic were equally useful and I am sure I will be applying most of the ideas I got in class, about this topic, in my life as a manager. There are so many new things I learnt about planning and decision making. One of the new things that substantially impressed me is the fact that good managers are able to make dec isions by just listening to their fellow employees (Smith 35). That is, if someone comes with an idea of objection to a given plan, a good manager will listen to him/her and after evaluating the value of the suggestion, approve it or reject it. Since his/her evaluation is assumed to be based on shrewd judgment, the suggestion is, in this case, bound to have a positive effect on the organization. Much of the credit from such success goes to the manager for his/her coordination and leadership skills.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More My realization of the fact that listening to other people’s ideas makes a good manager will be very useful in my life. This is primarily due to the fact that I like putting my ideas across so much that it sometimes interferes with my listening skills. After the course, I am a better manager since I can now start working on my listen ing skills and try to have a positive perspective towards every idea that another person puts across. I now appreciate the fact that to be a good manager, I do not have to do all the thinking and planning work but I should have good evaluation skills for gauging the usefulness of ideas suggested by other people. As it can be deduced from the discussion above, good managerial skills require good planning and decision making. Taking a course that tackles the same is very important since, as students are taught on how to be good planners and decision makers, they are given a chance to evaluate themselves. This is very useful since after evaluating themselves, students are able to perfect their weaknesses as far as planning and decision making is concerned and consequently be good managers. Smith, Jane. Planning and Decision Making. New York. Wadsworth Publishing, 1996. Print.

ROBBERY police foundations program (canada) Essay

ROBBERY police foundations program (canada) - Essay Example Robbery refers to illegal possession, attempt over one's property or cash by violence, threat of force or any influencing force with or without injury. For instance, bank robbery, shop robbery, snatching, looting, train robbery etc. Nature and percentage of robbery in various countries vary from time to time. Faulkner shared his views for United States as Robbery-related injuries constitute a major risk for convenience store workers in the United States. Studies that focus on the injury outcomes associated with convenience store robbery are extremely limited in number. Robbers make their plans and strategies with respect to their targets. It has been observed that robbers are mostly aware of wealth status and routine of their targets. Most of the time, Cash-in-transit vans are being targeted. Mr. Gill defined the same statement as Cash-in-transit vans are an attractive target for robbers because they are lucrative. Rate of robberies and crimes such as armed robberies, crimes committed by employees, commercial crime, are not controllable even in countries like United States of America then third world countries stand no where. Robbers, who are lost in greed, do not care for one's life for the sake of money. Robbery is a result of being associated or friendly to extremist people. After a few robberies, robbers become habitual of crimes and robbery becomes their nature. Individual robbery is the most common type of robbery.

Ethical Decision Making in Business Research Paper

Ethical Decision Making in Business - Research Paper Example It is not easy to create a business atmosphere that is ethically accepted. Companies often incur incredible amount of time and resources training the executive and employees in an effort to creating business ethics. Moreover, decisions made by the company may rarely be taken positively by the employees or even the executive in the implementation process. Fighting this negativity reaction may be a stumbling block to effective implementation of business ethics. Body Companies may implement other methods of educating the employees on matters concerning decision making in the business ethical environment. This method of training includes workshops and professional courses meant at educating workers on ethical decision making process. In addition, inviting experts to educate employees enables business organizations to review their goals and objectives in regard to their current operations. In so doing, the company progressively builds a strong business code of conduct in running of a busi ness. Though the resources of the business environment may be very costly, it always helps the company to improve its status. In essence, Smart ethical decisions are very crucial to the continuity of the business as well as mastering marketing skills including finance and accounting. Ethical conduct needs an understanding and identification of issues associated with risks incurrence and uncertainties together with making decisions and choices pertaining to the business environment. It is very important to make economic decisions that can lead to improvement in the company’s status .The most important characteristic of the business is contentious and it has no special way of approaching and solving issues.... Companies may implement other methods of educating the employees on matters concerning decision-making in the business ethical environment. This method of training includes workshops and professional courses meant at educating workers on the ethical decision-making process. In addition, inviting experts to educate employees enables business organizations to review their goals and objectives in regard to their current operations. In so doing, the company progressively builds a strong business code of conduct in running of a business. Though the resources of the business environment may be very costly, it always helps the company to improve its status. In essence, Smart ethical decisions are very crucial to the continuity of the business as well as mastering marketing skills including finance and accounting. Ethical conduct needs an understanding and identification of issues associated with risks incurrence and uncertainties together with making decisions and choices pertaining to the business environment. It is very important to make economic decisions that can lead to improvement in the company’s status.The most important characteristic of the business is contentious and it has no special way of approaching and solving issues. It is found through research that an ethical person is of good use than an unethical rich person. Organizations that fail to achieve good ethical standards among its workforce and in their decision-making practice will most likely fail to achieve its objectives in the long run.